1583 Edition | Book 8 | Page 1077 
Close(d. in or after 726) [ODNB]
Son of Coenred; king of the West Saxons (c. 694 - c. 726); codified law; abdicated in 726, died as a pilgrim in Rome
Ine succeeded Cædwalla, king of the West Saxons. [Foxe calls Cædwalla the last king of the Britons, but Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd, was the legendary last king of the Britons.] 1570, p. 167; 1576, p. 126; 1583, p. 125.
Ine brought the Peter Pence into his realm. He introduced written laws. 1570, p. 169; 1576, p. 128; 1583, p. 127.
Queen Æthelburh, who wished to retire from the world into a convent, defiled and ruined the palace to illustrate to Ine the transience of worldly things. He was persuaded to abdicate. 1570, p. 169; 1576, p. 128; 1583, pp. 126-27.
Ine founded the abbey at Glastonbury. 1570, p. 177; 1576, p. 134; 1583, p. 133.
Ine went to Rome and became a monk. 1570, p. 149; 1576, p. 111; 1583, p. 110.
Close(d. 796) [ODNB]
King of the Mercians (757 - 96); dominant ruler in England by the end of the reign; built military earthwork, Offa's Dyke, against the Welsh; had Æthelberht, king of the East Anglians, beheaded in 794
Offa, kinsman of King Æthelbald, ousted Beornred and became king of the Mercians. 1570, p. 171, 1576, p. 129, 1583, p. 128.
Offa won victories over Eadberht of Northumbria and Æthelred of the East Angles. He established an archbishopric in Lichfield, with the agreement of Pope Adrian. He chased the Britons into Wales and built a defensive dyke. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 130; 1583, p. 129.
Alcuin was sent to Charlemagne by Offa of Mercia in hopes of cementing peace between them. Charlemagne held Alcuin in high esteem and made him abbot of Tours. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129
Charlemagne sent a letter to King Offa, praising Pope Adrian I. 1570, p. 175; 1576, p. 132; 1583, p. 131
Upon his return from France to England, Alcuin complained about the state of the country into which he had arrived in letters to Offa of Mercia, Æthelred of Northumbria and Æthelheard, archbishop of Canterbury. 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
Offa of Mercia gave one of his daughters to Beorhtric of Wessex in marriage. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
Æthelberht, king of the East Angles, came to Offa's court to marry his daughter. Offa had him murdered due to the counsel of his wife. 1570, pp. 151, 154; 1576, pp. 113, 115; 1583, pp. 112, 114.
Cynethryth, Offa's queen, suspected that Æthelberht was coming to Offa's court, under pretence of marrying their daughter, to murder him and the Mercians. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
Offa had Æthelberht brought in on his own and then had him beheaded. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
In repentance for Æthelberht's murder, Offa brought in the Peter's Pence. He gave lands to the church, built monasteries and the abbey of St Alban's in penance. 1570, pp. 150, 173; 1576, pp. 112, 131; 1583, pp. 111, 129.
Close(1487/8 - 1544) [ODNB]
Attorney of the duchy of Lancaster; speaker of the House of Commons; lord chancellor (1533 - 44); baron Audley of Walden (1538 - 44)
Thomas Audley was elected speaker of the House of Commons in 1530. He was sent, with 30 other members of the House, to the king to complain of slurs cast upon them by the clergy when the Commons proposed a bill relating to probate. 1570, pp. 1130-31; 1576, p. 968; 1583, pp. 994-95.
Thomas Temys asked parliament to urge the king to take Queen Catherine back as his wife. The king replied via the speaker, Sir Thomas Audley. The king also had the speaker read in the Commons the two oaths taken by clergy, one to the pope and one to the king, to demonstrate that they were irreconcilable. 1563, p. 509; 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
[Back to Top]After the deprivation of Sir Thomas More, Audley was made lord chancellor. 1563, p. 509; 1570, p. 1198; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1054.
John Chapman was imprisoned for five weeks, three of them in the stocks, but was released after an appeal to the lord chancellor, Lord Audley. 1563, p. 506; 1570, pp. 1179-80; 1576, pp. 1008-09; 1583, p. 1036.
Many were imprisoned in London in the inquisition following the setting up of the commission to enforce the Six Articles. They were released after Lord Audley had obtained pardons from the king. 1570, p. 1380; 1576, p. 1178; 1583, p. 1206.
Thomas Audeley discharged the men of Calais imprisoned in the Fleet and brought them the king's pardon, although they were deprived of their livings. 1563, p. 668; 1570, p. 1406; 1576, p. 1198; 1583, p. 1228.
Close(1489 - 1556) [ODNB]
BA Cambridge 1511; MA 1515; archbishop of Canterbury (1533 - 56); burnt in 1556
Cranmer acknowledged the help he received from John Frith's book attacking the doctrine of Sir Thomas More. 1563, p. 500; 1570, p. 1176; 1576, p. 1006; 1583, p. 1033.
Thomas Cranmer, John Stokesley, Edward Carne, William Benet and the earl of Wiltshire were sent as ambassadors to the pope to dispute the matter of the king's marriage. 1570, p. 1280; 1576, p. 1095; 1583, p. 1121.
Cranmer's separation of the king and Queen Catherine was authorised by parliament. 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
Elizabeth Barton prophesied that if the king divorced Queen Catherine and married Anne Boleyn, he would not reign more than a month thereafter. Through the efforts of Cranmer, Cromwell and Latimer, she was condemned and executed with some of her supporters. 1570, p. 1199; 1576, p. 1026; 1583, pp. 1054-55.
[Back to Top]The archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer), along with the bishops of London (Stokesley), Winchester (Gardiner), Bath and Wells (Clerk) and Lincoln (Longland) and other clergy went to see Queen Catherine. She failed to attend when summoned over 15 days, and they pronounced that she and the king were divorced. 1570, p. 1200; 1576, p. 1027; 1583, p. 1055.
[Back to Top]Cranmer was godfather to Princess Elizabeth. 1563, p. 510; 1570, p. 1199; 1576, p. 1026; 1583, p. 1054.
Cranmer was one of the subscribers to the Bishops' Book. 1570, p. 1211; 1576, p. 1037; 1583, p. 1064.
Cranmer attended a synod in 1537 with other bishops and learned men and with Thomas Cromwell as vicar-general. Cranmer opposed retaining the seven sacraments. He gave an oration to the bishops. 1563, p. 594; 1570, p. 1351; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1182.
On the second day of the synod, Thomas Cranmer sent his archdeacon to command Alexander Alesius to cease from disputation. 1570, p. 1353; 1576, p. 1155; 1583, p. 1184.
John Lambert attended a sermon preached by John Taylor at St Peter's in London in 1538. Lambert put ten articles to him questioning transubstantiation. Taylor conferred with Robert Barnes, who persuaded Taylor to put the matter to Archbishop Cranmer. Cranmer called Lambert into open court, where he was made to defend his cause. 1563, pp. 532-33; 1570, pp. 1280-81; 1576, p. 1095; 1583, p. 1121.
[Back to Top]Cranmer disputed with Lambert at his trial before the king. 1563, pp. 534-35; 1570, p. 1282; 1576, pp. 1096-97; 1583, p. 1122.
Thomas Cranmer alone disputed the Six Articles in parliament. 1570, p. 1298; 1576, p. 1110; 1583, p. 1136.
The king sent Thomas Cromwell and the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to dine with Cranmer to reassure him after his opposition to the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1298; 1576, p. 1111; 1583, p. 1136.
Henry asked for a summary of Cranmer's objections to the Six Articles. Cranmer asked his secretary to write up a copy of his arguments against the Six Articles to give to the king.1570, p. 1355; 1576, p. 1157; 1583, p. 1185.
Adam Damplip was brought before Thomas Cranmer, Stephen Gardiner, Richard Sampson and others and examined. The next day, warned by Cranmer that he was likely to be imprisoned and burnt, he fled to the West Country. 1563, p. 657; 1570, p. 1401; 1576, p. 1194; 1583, p. 1224.
Thomas Broke, Ralph Hare, James Cocke and James Barber were sent from Calais with their accusers to England to be examined by Cranmer, Gardiner, Sampson and other bishops. 1563, p. 661; 1570, p. 1401; 1576, p. 1195; 1583, p. 1224.
King Henry wrote to Archbishop Cranmer, ordering that idolatrous images be removed from churches. 1563, p. 625; 1570, p. 1385; 1576, p. 1181; 1583, p. 1210.
For a long period, Henry VIII denied his daughter Mary the title of princess. Thomas Cranmer urged a reconciliation. 1570, p. 1565; 1576, p. 1335; 1583, p. 1396.
When Claude d'Annebault, the French ambassador, went to see Henry VIII at Hampton Court, lavish entertainment was laid on for him, but he was recalled before he had received half of it. During the course of the banquet, he had private conversation with the king and Archbishop Cranmer about the reform of religion in the two countries. 1570, p. 1426; 1576, p. 1215; 1583, p. 1245.
[Back to Top]Cranmer had sent letters for Henry VIII to sign relating to reform in the church. Gardiner convinced the king that these reforms would jeopardise a league with the king of France and the emperor, so the letters were never signed. 1570, p. 1426; 1576, p. 1215; 1583, p. 1245.
The young Prince Edward wrote letters in Latin to Thomas Cranmer, his godfather. 1570, p. 1564; 1576, p. 1334; 1583, p. 1395.
Cranmer praised the learning and wisdom of Prince Edward to his tutor, Richard Coxe. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Richard Coxe wrote to Thomas Cranmer, praising the young Prince Edward. 1570, p. 1564; 1576, p. 1334; 1583, p. 1395.
When King Henry was on his deathbed, Anthony Denny asked him if he wished a spiritual adviser, and he asked for Thomas Cranmer. Before Cranmer could arrive, however, the king had lost the power of speech. He clasped Cranmer's hand, and shortly after died. 1570, p. 1477; 1576, p. 1253; 1583, p. 1290.
After the death of Henry VIII, the duke of Suffolk related to Thomas Cranmer how Stephen Gardiner had nearly been arrested at the time of the execution of Germaine Gardiner. 1570, p. 1477; 1576, p. 1253; 1583, p. 1290.
Cranmer had great difficulty in getting King Edward to sign Joan Bocher's death warrant. 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Charles V requested of Edward VI that his cousin Mary Tudor be allowed to have the mass said in her house. The request was denied, in spite of the strong urgings of Thomas Cranmer and Nicholas Ridley. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Thomas Dobbe was brought before Cranmer, who committed him to the Counter, where he died. 1563, p. 685; 1570, p. 1486; 1576, p. 1260; 1583, p. 1297.
Edward VI's councillors and Edward Seymour wrote to Thomas Cranmer, directing that candles no longer be carried on Candlemas, nor palms on Palm Sunday, nor should ashes be used on Ash Wednesday. Cranmer immediately wrote to all the other bishops to inform them of the new directive. 1563, pp. 685, 691; 1570, p. 1486; 1576, p. 1260; 1583, p. 1297.
[Back to Top]The council wrote further to Cranmer ordering the abolishing of images in all churches in the archdiocese. He wrote to Edmund Bonner, directing him to carry out the order in London. 1563, p. 692; 1570, p. 1490; 1576, p. 1263; 1583, p. 1300.
Cranmer, with other learned bishops and learned men, was appointed to draw up a uniform order of common prayer. 1570, p. 1491; 1576, p. 1264; 1583, p. 1301.
Stephen Gardiner wrote to Thomas Cranmer and Nicholas Ridley while imprisoned in the Fleet. 1563, pp. 732-54; 1570, p. 1522; 1576, p. 1297; 1583, p. 1340.
Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester, Sir William Petre, Sir Thomas Smith and William May, dean of St Paul's, were commissioned to examine Edmund Bonner. 1563, p. 697; 1570, p. 1504; 1576, p. 1275; 1583, p. 1312.
Bonner was summoned to appear before the commissioners. He behaved haughtily, ridiculing his accusers and the commissioners, and spoke in favour of the mass. He appeared first on 10 September 1549 before Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Sir William Petre and William May. Sir Thomas Smith was absent. 1563, pp. 698-99; 1570, pp. 1504-06; 1576, pp. 1275-77; 1583, pp. 1312-14.
[Back to Top]Bonner appeared for the second time on 13 September before Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Sir William Petre, Sir Thomas Smith and William May and was further examined. 1563, pp. 699-704; 1570, pp. 1506-08; 1576, pp. 1277-79; 1583, pp. 1314-17.
Bonner appeared for the third time on 16 September before Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Sir Thomas Smith and William May to answer the articles put to him at the previous session. John Hooper and William Latymer also appeared in order to purge themselves against the slanders of Bonner. 1563, pp. 704-709; 1570, pp. 1508-11; 1576, pp. 1279-80; 1583, pp. 1317-22.
[Back to Top]Bonner appeared before the commissioners for the fourth time on 18 September, at which session new articles were drawn up and new witnesses received. 1563, pp. 704-710; 1570, pp. 1508-12; 1576, pp. 1279-81; 1583, pp. 1317-22.
Bonner appeared for the fifth time before the commissioners on 20 September. During an interval, he instructed Gilbert Bourne, his chaplain, Robert Warnington, his commissary, and Robert Johnson, his registrar, to tell the mayor and aldermen of London to avoid reformed preachers. Bonner made his first appellation to the king. As a result of his behaviour during the proceedings, he was committed to the Marshalsea. 1563, pp. 713-717; 1570, pp. 1513-16; 1576, pp. 1282-85; 1583, pp. 1324-26.
[Back to Top]Bonner appeared for the sixth time before the commissioners on 23 September, when he presented a general recusation against all the commissioners and a second appellation to the king. A letter was read from Bonner to the mayor of London, Henry Amcottes, and aldermen. 1563, pp. 717-18; 1570, p. 1516; 1576, p. 1285; 1583, pp. 1326-27.
[Back to Top]Bonner' seventh appearance before the commissioners took place on 1 October. He presented a declaration, an appellation and a supplication to the king. The commissioners pronounced their sentence definitive. Bonner was imprisoned and deprived of his office. 1563, pp. 718-26; 1570, pp. 1516-19; 1576, pp. 1285-88; 1583, pp. 1327-30.
[Back to Top]Cranmer was a signatory to a letter from the king and privy council to Nicholas Ridley, directing him to remove and destroy all altars within the churches of his diocese and install communion tables. 1563, p. 727; 1570, pp. 1519-20; 1576, p. 1288; 1583, p. 1331.
After Stephen Gardiner's sequestration, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Goodrich, Henry Holbeach, Sir William Petre, Sir James Hales, Griffith Leyson, John Oliver and John Gosnold were commissioned to examine him. 1563, p. 776; 1570, p. 1535; 1576, p. 1309; 1583, p. 1358.
Close(by 1508 - 1575) [Bindoff]
MP Westbury 1529; brother of Joan, the last abbess of the Augustine nunnery, Lacock; spoke in the Commons in 1532 in favour of the king's existing marriage to Catherine
Thomas Temys asked parliament to urge the king to take Queen Catherine back as his wife. The king replied via the Speaker. 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
CloseThis is a paraphrasing from the 1533 'Act for the exoneration from exactions paid to the See of Rome' also known as 'act concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations (or the Ecclesiastical Licences Act - 25 Henry VIII, c.21).
MarginaliaPeter pence how they came, & how long they continnued.Where is to be noted by the way, as touching these Peterpēce aforesaid, that the same were first brought in and imposed by K. Iua, about the yere of our Lord. 720. Which Iua K. of the Westsaxōs, caused through al his dominiō in euery house hauing a chimny, a peny to be collected & paid to the B. of Rome in the name of S. Peter, & therof were they called Peterpēce vide supra. pag. 127.MarginaliaVide supra pag. 127. The same likewise did Offa K. of Merciās after him, about the yere of our Lord. 794. vide pag. 114.MarginaliaVide supra. pag. 114. And these Peterpence
Foxe's details are accurate. In the reign of King Alfred (c.849-99) the collection was normalized to a fixed rate of £200 a year. [See, Stanford E Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 (Cambridge, 1970), p.191].
Close
CloseFoxe here refers to the 1534 'Act for the establishment of the King's succession' (25 Henry VIII, c.22).
CloseFoxe here refers to the 1534 act.
CloseThe marriage prohibitions are found in Leviticus 18.6-18.
ters daughter.
stepmother.
or his mothers sister.
All these things thus being defined and determined in this foresaide Parliament, and also being in the same Parliamente concluded, that no man of what estate, degree, or condition soeuer, hath any power to dispense wyth Gods lawes, it was therfore by the authoritie aforesayd, agreing with the authoritie of Gods word, assented that the maryage aforetime solemnised betwene the kyng and the Ladie Katherine, being before wife to prince Arthur the kynges brother, as carnally known by him (as is aboue proued) should be absolutely denied and adiudged to be vnlawfull and against the law of God, and also reputed and taken to be of no value nor effect: MarginaliaSeperatio betweene the king and the Lady Catherine by acte of Parlyament.and that the separation thereof by Thomas Cranmer
CloseThis refers to the ruling (23 May 1533) of the archbishop's marriage tribunal assembled at the Priory of St Peter at Dunstable.
During the time of this Parliament, before the mariage of Queene Anne, there was one Temse in the Common house, which mooued the Commons to sue to the king, to take the Queene againe into hys companie, declaring certaine great mischiefes like to insue therof, as in bastarding the Ladie Marie the kings onely childe, and diuers other inconueniences: which being reported to the kings eares, he sent immediately to syr Thomas Audley, Speaker then of the Parliament, expressing vnto hym amongest other matters, that he marueiled muche, why one of the Parlament did so openly speake of the absence of the Queenefrom him: MarginaliaThe kinges wordes to Tho. Au speaker of the Parliamentwhich matter was not to be determined there, for it touched (sayde hee) hys soule, and wished the Matrimonie were good, for then hadde he neuer bene so vexed in conscience. But the Doctors of Vniuersities (said he) haue determined the mariage to be voide, and detestable before God, which grudge of conscience (hee sayde) caused hym to abstaine from her companie, and no foolishe, nor wanton appetite. For I am (sayde he) 41. yeare olde, at whyche age the lust of man is not so quicke, as it is in youthe. And sauing in Spaine and Portugale,
CloseHenry was referring to the marriages of Manuel I of Portugal (1495-1521), successively, to Catherine of Aragon's two elder sisters, Isabella and Maria (both Manuel's nieces).
MarginaliaTheNot long after that,
CloseThis is the start of the manoeuvres which would eventually produce the submission of the clergy. This famous speech, of 21 May 1532, was recorded by Hall [for which, see Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre & York, 2 vols., ed. by H Ellis (London, 1809), ii, p.788].
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThe othe which the Clergye commōly geueth to the PopeI Iohn Bishop or Abbot of A. from this houre forwarde, shall be faithfull and obedient to S. Peter, & to the holy church of Rome, and to my Lorde the Pope, and his successours Canonically entring. I shall not be of counsaile nor consent, that they shall loose either life or member, or shall be taken or suffer anye violence, or any wronge, by any meanes. Their counsaile to me credited by them, their messengers or letters, I shall not willingly discouer to any person. The Popedome of Rome, the rules of the holy fathers, and the regalities of S. Peter I shall helpe and retaine, and defende against all men. The legate of the sea Apostolicke going & comming, I shall honourably entreat. The rightes, honours, priuiledges, authorities of the Church of Rome, and of the Pope and hys successours, I shall cause to be conserued, defended, augmented, & promoted. I shall not be in counsell, treatie, or any acte, in the which any thing shall be imagined against him or the Churche of Rome, their rights, states, honours, or power: and if I knowe anye such to be mooued or compassed, I shall resist it to my power, and assoone as I can, I shall aduertise him, or suche as maye geue hym knowledge. The rules of the holy fathers, the decrees, ordinances, sentences, dispositions, reseruations, prouisions and commandements Apostolike, to my power I shall keepe and cause to be kept of other. Heretikes, schismatikes, and rebels to our holy father and his successors, I shall resist and persecute to my power. I shal come to the Synode whē I am called, except I be letted by a Canonicall impediment. The lights of the Apostles I shall visite personally or by my deputie, I shall not aliene nor sell my possessions, wythout the Popes councell, so God me helpe and the holy Euangelistes.
[Back to Top]¶ This othe of the Clergie men, which they were wont to make to the Bishoppe of Rome (nowe Pope quondamMarginaliaPope quondam.) was abolished and made voyde by statute, and a new othe ministred & confirmed for the same, wherein they acknowledged the King to be the supreame heade vnder Christe in this Church of England, as by tenor thereof may appeare here vnder ensuing.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThe othe of the Clergye to the king.I Iohn B. of A. vtterly renoūce and clerely forsake al such clauses words, sentences & grants, which I haue or shal haue hereafter of the Popes holines, of & for the bishoprike of A that in any wise hath bene, is, or hereafter may be hurtfull or preiudiciall to youre highnes, your heirs, successors, dignity, priuiledge or estate royal: and also I doe sweare that I shalbe faithful and true: and faith and truth I shall beare to you my soueraigne Lord, and to your heires kings of the same, of life and limme, and earthly worship aboue all creatures, for to liue & die with you and yours against al people, and diligently I shalbe attendant to all your nedes and businesse, after my wit and power, and your counsel I shall kepee and holde, knowledging my selfe to hold my Bishopricke of you onely, beseeching you of restitutiō of the temporalties of the same, promising (as before) that I shalbe faithfull, true, and obediēt subiect to your said highnes, heires, and successours during my life, and the seruices and other things due to your highnesse, for the restitution of the temporalties of the same Bishoprike, I shall truely do and obediently performe, so God me helpe and all Saintes.
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