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Glossary
The concise Middle French > Modern English Glossary provided here is derived from Peter Ainsworth's edition of the first third
of Book III of the Chroniques, based on Besançon ms. 865, ff. 201-274, for Editions Droz, Textes Littéraires Français (Geneva, 2007). It provides a 'quick-and-easy'
guide to meanings in English of many of the words found in manuscript versions of Froissart's Chronicles, though spellings
obviously vary from one witness to the next. Other, more sophisticated lexicological and lexicographical tools are described
immediately below.
Links to the Dictionnaire du Moyen Français
Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500)
1. Searches initiated from the Online Froissart. Readers working within the Online Froissart on a manuscript transcription and wishing to look up a particular word should
switch under "Settings" to Global Viewing Mode "DMF", then click on the word under investigation. This takes the reader to
the online Dictionnaire du Moyen Français lemmatiser which tries to identify the appropriate dictionary entry. A high percentage of accuracy (89%+) is experienced
when using this tool, but there are inevitably occasions when the DMF has difficulty assigning a word to the correct lemma (and therefore dictionary entry), especially where homonyms or grammatical
words are involved.
2. Searches initiated from the Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500). Work done under a joint British Academy-CNRS award by Gilles Souvay (Laboratoire ATILF, Université de Lorraine), Peter Ainsworth
and Godfried Croenen links the Dictionnaire du Moyen Français and Online Froissart in a second way. Researchers can click on the DMF link displayed above and type a word form into the blank field (e.g. 'aime'). The 'attestations dans les bases' box in the
yellowed area below should then be checked, and 'Rechercher' pressed. After a few seconds the results of the search are displayed.
Under 'Plus d'hypothèses' there is a section labelled 'Attestation dans les bases du DMF'. The rubric 'OFP' covers all 46
instances of the form 'aime' identified by the lemmatiser in the Online Froissart's transcriptions. When one clicks on '46'
these are immediately displayed, listed vertically in a separate window within the Online Froissart and highlighted in yellow.
French Text |
Description |
Aaise, aise |
at ease, content |
Abateis |
battle, combat |
Abbis |
clothing, garments |
Abillement |
equipment, disposition, attire |
Abonnéz |
established and agreed frontiers |
Aboucher |
to reach, to complete (a tunnel) |
Abstraindre (s' -), abstraigny |
to refrain; abstraint, forced, restrained
|
Accidence |
eventuality, fortunate event |
Accointable |
affable |
Accointance |
familiarity, friendship |
Acertes |
for certain |
Acesmement |
equipment |
Acesmer, acesméz |
to equip, equipped |
Acharier, achariéz |
to transport |
Achoison |
occasion, opportunity |
Acointer, accointer |
to become acquainted with, to address; s'- de, to acquaint oneself with
|
Adjourner |
to become light, of the day |
Adjousté |
brought together, gathered |
Adjouster |
to give credence to |
Adommaiger |
to harm, hurt |
Adonc |
so, then, whereupon |
Adonner (s' -) |
to present oneself |
Adournemens d'assaulx |
siege engines |
Advitaillier |
to provide, supply |
Advoultire |
adultery |
Adrecié, -iee |
engaged, enlisted |
Adrecier (s' -) |
to address |
Adresce |
means, measure |
Advenir |
See Avenir |
Advironner |
to surround |
Advis |
opinion, advice; getter son advis, to decide
|
Adviser, aviser (adviséz) |
to look at, consider; to decide on; adviséz, wise, cautious; s'adviser, to decide
|
Afebloié |
weakened |
Afferir |
il afferoit, to suit, befit
|
Affillés |
keen, sharp |
Afoibloié |
weakened |
Ainçois que |
before |
Aise |
See Aaise |
Alan, alans |
large dog used to hunt wild boar |
Alee |
walkway, underground passage |
Aloer, alouer |
to use up, spend |
Amenrir |
to lessen, lower |
Amiabloient |
were amiable to |
Amoienner |
to settle |
Amont (d' -) |
from on high |
Amourer (q'n de q'ch) |
to enamour; s'- , to fall in love with
|
Anglesche |
supporter (for the time being or long-term) of the English |
Anglet |
corner |
Annoy |
difficulty, trouble |
Annuit |
tonight |
Aplouvoir |
to come in abundance |
Apointier (lances) |
to wield |
Apparant |
obvious, manifest |
Apparant |
appearance |
Appareillier |
to make preparations; to trim (fingernails); to decorate, adorn |
Appendences |
dependencies |
Appert |
enterprising, brave |
Appert, il - (from apparoir)
|
it appears |
Apperteté |
courage, worthiness |
Appertise |
skill, military exploit showing great flair |
Ardoir |
to burn (down); ars, arse, burnt
|
Arguer (- de) |
to reason |
Armerés |
worthy to bear arms |
Arroy |
escort, retinue; watch; sans arroy, in disarray; en bon arroy, with pomp and circumstance
|
Ars, arse |
See Ardoir |
Article |
clause, principle, rule |
Artillerie |
projectiles (e.g. darts) launched at enemies |
Assegnéz |
carried, distributed |
Assentir (- à) |
to give one's consent, assent to |
Asseoir |
to serve (a dish) |
Asseur |
safe; estre - de, to feel encouraged, reassured by; to be sure that
|
Asséz |
rather, quite; enough; for a long time, a lot |
Assouvir |
to accomplish, complete |
Astraccion |
lineage, birth |
Atant, a tant |
so, immediately, whereupon; see Jusques atant que |
Atouchier |
to touch, feel |
Attincter |
to provide, equip, outfit (lances) |
Attrempeement |
temperately, gently |
Aucques |
about, almost, to a certain extent |
Aucun(e) |
some |
Aucunefoiz |
sometimes, from time to time |
Ausques |
somewhat |
Autel(e) |
the same as, comparable to |
Aval |
below, at the end, throughout, down |
Avaler |
to lower (a drawbridge) |
Avant |
before, ahead, in front, further; moult - , long gone; plus - , more; further ahead; si - , so far ahead; comprehensively; up to that point
|
Avantaige (d' -) |
See Aventaige (d'-) |
Avecques ce que |
in addition to; accompanied by |
Avenir, advenir |
to achieve, succeed; to occur, happen; avenir, a venire future, (time) to come; to put forward, voice (a reservation); advenir de, to result from, to be the case
|
Aventaige, avantaige, (d' -) |
immediately, in succession; to their advantage |
Aventure |
event; danger, peril, risk en - de; prospect; venture; matter; par -, d'- , by chance; a l'- , at random
|
Aviser |
See Adviser |
Avoir |
os , 1st person singular preterite of avoir |
Avoir |
goods, profit; wealth, loot |
Avugle |
blind, blinded by |
Bacinet, bacinés |
bassinet, light helmet with (hinged) visor |
Baillier (bailla, baillierent, bailliéz) |
to give, yield, cede (something to someone), hand over |
Bailli, baillif |
governor, royal officer |
Ban |
proclamation or convocation through banns |
Banerés |
bannerets, knights leading a company and carrying a banner |
Banniere |
almost square standard or banner of a knight who leads a company and has been promoted to the rank of banneret, thus having
the right to bear the banner; lever banniere, standard-bearer
|
Barre |
wooden stake forming a barricade or defensive enclosure |
Barriere(s) |
fortification made from heavy wooden beams, built in front of the main gate of a fortress |
Bas |
bottom; se metre - , to be contrite, penitent, apologetic; tout - , in a whisper (sotto voce)
|
Bascot |
Basque, soldier of fortune (used as a title or nickname); See Index |
Bastide |
fortification (quite elaborate but generally wooden and temporary |
Bataille |
body of troops; battle; chevauchier en - , advance in battle order, in group formation
|
Baus |
beams, pieces of wood |
Bellante |
aunt by marriage |
Bende |
border, frontier (sometimes also refers to seacoast) |
Bequer, bequoit |
to peck (at) |
Besans |
bezants, a Byzantine gold coin |
Besoigne |
affair, matter |
Besoignier |
to busy oneself |
Besoing |
need, desperate situation, necessity |
Bien |
ester - de, to enjoy the favour of
|
Bien(s) |
quality(-ies), moral(s); good deeds; earnings; biens, harvest, crop
|
Bobant, bobent |
pride; ostentation, arrogance, presumption, vanity |
Boce (maladie de - ) |
bubo, plague sore |
Bon |
a la bonne main, on the right(hand) side
|
Bonde |
coast, coastal region |
Bouge |
bag, purse |
Bourc, bourch |
bastard (used as a title or sobriquet); See Index |
Bourdeur |
liar, deceiver |
Bourdes |
lies, tricks |
Bouter |
to put; se - , to launch oneself (on, against)
|
Bransler |
to tremble, collapse |
Brouillis |
conflict, trouble |
Captal |
(Provençal word) captain; See Index |
Carraque |
from the Arabic 'karaka', carrack or nef, large vessel characterised by a rounded hull with tall aft- and forecastles; capable
of travelling the high seas
|
Catir (se) |
to hide (oneself) |
Cauteleusement |
through trickery, cunning |
Ceans |
here, inside |
Cerchier |
to look for |
Certain |
reliable, faithful, loyal, trustworthy |
Certes (a certes), acertes |
seriously, really |
Chaalit |
wood, bed frame |
Champ |
field; sur les - , on the battlefield; in the fields
|
Char |
flesh |
Charge |
military personnel placed under the command of a captain; avoir en - , to be charged with
|
Chastellerie |
castellany (territory over which a castellan exercises jurisdiction) |
Chastier, chastieroit |
to punish, chastise |
Chaucie |
street, road |
Cheoir |
to arrive, reach; to occur, happen; to fall; - en, to incur, to walk into, get caught up in (a morally condemnable situation); - par pieces, to fall to pieces
|
Chevance |
property, possessions, goods, fortune, wealth |
Chevauchee, chevauchie |
(mounted) military expedition |
Chevauchier, chevauchay, chevauchant |
to travel (through a country, place) on horseback |
Chevir |
to overcome; to get out of danger; to resolve a problem |
Cheÿ |
3rd person singular preterite of cheoir |
Chief |
head; ou - , on the head; par mon - , by my faith; rank; ester - de, to command, lead, be in charge of; venire a (un mauvais) - , to come to (a sticky end); au - de, at the end of; master, person who governs, commands
|
Chiennes |
firedogs |
Chier |
dear, expensive; avoir plus - , to prefer
|
Clorre |
to close |
Coiement |
silently, peacefully |
Coingnie |
long-handled axe with narrow blade used by butchers etc |
Collacion |
consultation, discussion |
Com, comme |
how; - que, in whichever way
|
Combien, - que |
although |
Commune |
commons, commonalty |
Commun, - e |
common, general |
Compaigne |
company, band (of mercenaries, armed men) |
Competer |
to fall within the jurisdiction of |
Conduit, sauf - |
safe passage, passport |
Conduit |
underground passage |
Conferméz |
strengthened, reinforced |
Conforté |
rescued, reassured |
Conjoÿr |
to welcome; rejoice, celebrate with |
Conjoïssable |
affable |
Conquerre |
to conquer |
Conqués, -éz, conqueste |
conquest (of a country or fortified town, can also be used when referring to goods, loot) |
Conscience |
conscience; intention or will |
Conseil |
opinion; council (royal or otherwise); avoir - , to decide
|
Constraindre |
to confine, restrict |
Conte (le), contes (li) |
count (French), earl (English) |
Compte |
report; faire - de, to pay attention to
|
Contemplacion |
reflection; a la - de, at the request of
|
Contempt |
contempt, disdain |
Contenement |
disposition |
Contenir (se) |
to conduct oneself |
Contenter (se) |
to be content |
Contraire |
hostile, opposed to; unfavourable, against the will of |
Contraire |
the opposite of; objection; something in opposition to something or someone; porter - a, to hurt; aller a - , to oppose, take the opposite view
|
Contremont |
upstream |
Contreroleur |
comptroller |
Convenance |
promise |
Copper |
to cut; to cut down (trees) |
Cotte |
tunic; shirt; - de maille, chainmail
|
Coulpe |
fault, blame |
Coulper de |
to hold responsible for, guilty of |
Coup |
blow; a - , at the same time; immediately
|
Coupper |
to cut |
Couppiau |
summit |
Couraige |
courage, ardour; bravery, valour |
Couraige |
thought; intention |
Courroucier, courrouciéz |
to anger, enrage |
Course |
foray, assault; charge (with lance) |
Course, bon a la - |
quick, fleetfooted (horse) |
Coursier |
courser, fast horse or war horse |
Couvenance |
promise, pledge; avoir en - a q’qn, to join with someone in an agreement or promise
|
Couvenir, convenir |
to be necessary |
Couvert |
concealed, hidden; en - , in secret
|
Couverte, à la - |
secretly |
Couvine |
accord, agreement |
Couvinement |
plan, scheme |
Couvrir (se - ) de q’ch |
to keep secret |
Coys |
calm |
Cremir, cremus |
to fear |
Creuz |
believed, thought |
Croire |
to give on credit |
Croire |
to believe, think |
Croistre |
raise, increase; (poor spelling of croquer perhaps, to crunch (normally with the teeth)
|
Croniquer, croniquier |
to chronicle |
Cronizer |
to chronicle |
Crosler |
to tremble, shake |
Cuidier |
to consider, think, believe, deem |
Curateur |
guardian or trustee, a person made responsible by law for managing goods and protecting the interests of another person |
Curer |
to take care of, look after |
Dangier |
problem, worry; danger, peril |
Dangier |
power, influence |
Darde |
short iron-tipped javelin or throwing spear |
Daulphin |
dauphin, heir (title of the counts of Auvergne) |
Decoste |
alongside, next to |
Deduit |
pleasure, entertainment |
Defaulte |
lack, loss, failure |
Deffié, deffiéz |
caused, provoked |
Deléz |
beside, nearby, at the side of |
Delivre |
free |
Delivrer |
to release, set free |
Demener, (se - ) |
to behave |
Demener |
to treat someone in such and such a way |
Demonstrer |
to show, prove, make plain |
Demonstrer, (se - ) |
to show oneself |
Demourant |
the rest, what remains |
Denoncer |
to report |
Departement |
departure |
Departement |
share, division |
Departie |
break, separation, action of sharing |
Departir |
departure |
Departir, (se - ) |
to leave |
Departir |
to divide, assign, allocate |
Deporter, (se -) |
to refrain from doing something |
Deporter |
to spare, save |
Deporter, (se - ) |
to comfort, fortify |
Derechief, derrechief |
at once |
Derrain, derraine |
last, previous |
Desconforté, desconfortée |
overcome |
Descouchier |
to rise |
Desduire (se - ) |
to amuse oneself |
Desduisant |
pleasant, charming |
Desgoeillier |
to slit someone’s throat |
Desirier |
wish, desire |
Desirier |
to want, wish for |
Desmarchier |
to shy (horse) |
Desnouller |
to untie, undo |
Desnuoit (desnuer) |
to divest, dispossess |
Despeciéz |
pulled to pieces |
Despit |
grief mixed with anger; contempt, spite; en, ou - de, regardless of
|
Desplaisance |
pique; disapproval, discontent |
Descort |
disagreement, discord |
Desrizer |
to ridicule |
Desroier |
to fall into disarray, disorder |
Desrompre, desrompu |
to break, to shatter |
Desservir |
to deserve, be worthy of |
Dessus, au - |
in a superior position in relation to others (rank, precedence) |
Dessus |
ester au - de, to be in possession of
|
Destourbier |
trouble, damage |
Destre (a) |
on the right |
Destroit |
overpowered, aggrieved; au plus - , in the most rigorous manner; en prison destroite, in a secure prison
|
Destroit |
narrow passage, gorge |
Destroitement |
tightly, closely, strictly |
Desveloper |
to display, unfurl (a banner) |
Desvoiéz |
lost, gone astray |
Detrier (se -) |
to tarry, delay |
Devant, au - |
before, previously |
Devers |
towards; near; de - , near; at, in; par - , in the possession of; until, up to, close to
|
Devises |
words, remarks |
Deviser, diviser |
to recount; to proclaim; to devise |
Deviser, diviser |
to divide, split |
Devourer (devouréz) |
to consume (consumed) |
Dicter |
to write, compose |
Differens |
divided, holding opposite views, opposed |
Different, differens |
conflict, disagreement, dispute |
Diversité |
strangeness |
Diviser |
See Deviser |
Dont |
whose, of which; whereof |
Dont |
so, thus |
Doubte |
fear, worry |
Doubter, (se - ) |
to be wary of |
Douer |
to give as dowry |
Drap |
cloth, fabric |
Draps |
clothing |
Droit |
right, what is due to someone; legitimate; true; loyal |
Droit |
precisely, exactly |
Droit, tout - |
straight on; standing upright |
Droitement |
directly, exactly |
Droitures |
rights |
Droiturier |
just, fair; lawful |
Durement |
really, strongly |
Eddit |
official statement |
Efforcier |
to force, violate |
Effroy |
din, alarm |
Embatre (s’- ) |
to enter; to stumble upon; to engage with |
Embesoigner (s’- ) |
to employ, engage; to charge; to take into one’s service; s’- de, to apply oneself; embesoignié, worried, concerned, preoccupied
|
Embler |
to take (by surprise), seize |
Embracier |
to embrace |
Embrunchiéz |
hidden, concealed |
Emmi |
in the middle of |
Empennéz |
decorated, equipped with feathers |
Empetrer |
to obtain (on request) |
Emprendre |
to undertake |
Emprise |
enterprise, endeavour, exploit, feat; offensive |
Empugnaisie |
stinking |
Enamourer |
to fill someone with desire; s’- de, to become enamoured of, see Amourer |
Enarracion |
report, account |
Encerchier |
to inspect, examine; to travel |
Enchacier |
to chase, drive off |
Encharger, enchargier |
to give someone a commission |
Enchartrer |
to imprison |
Enclin, encline |
inclined |
Encliner |
to be inclined to; to incline; s’- a, to deign, acquiesce to; to be drawn to, towards
|
Encliner (a q’un) |
to greet (someone) |
Enclouy |
3rd person singular preterite of enclore, enclose, confined, surrounded; enclose, enclosed
|
Encontre |
meeting, encounter |
Encontre, a l’- de |
against; in opposition to |
Encontrer |
to encounter |
Encoste |
next to, near to |
Encouvenancier |
to promise; to pledge (the succession of a kingdom) by legal agreement |
Endementres |
meanwhile |
Endementres com |
in the meantime, so |
Endementres que |
while |
Enfelonner (s’- ) |
to lose one’s temper |
Enfes, li |
child (nominative case of enfant |
Enfourmer, enfourméz |
to inform |
Engrans |
eager, keen |
Enhaïr |
to conceive a hatred of someone |
Enhardir |
to encourage |
Enhardissement |
encouragement, support |
Ennortement |
encouragement, instigation |
Enorter |
to urge |
Ensoignier |
to employ, engage |
Ent |
hence (written form of en)
|
Entalentéz |
desirous |
Entendre |
to understand |
Entendre a |
to give heed to, attend to |
Entente |
idea, aim; metre - a, to attempt to
|
Ententif |
diligent, aware of |
Enterinement |
completely, perfectly |
Enterra |
3rd person singular future of entrer, will enter
|
Entour |
around, about |
Entremés |
entertainments between the courses of a meal, tableaux |
Envahie |
attack, invasion |
Environ |
about, approximately |
Environ, la - |
around |
Envis |
reluctantly, grudgingly |
Errant |
at once |
Esbahi(s), -(z) |
amazed, bewildered |
Esbahir |
to be scared, surprised |
Esbahir |
to be dumbstruck |
Esbatement |
distraction, amusement |
Esbatre (s’- ) |
to amuse (oneself) |
Escheler, escheller |
to scale (with the aid of a ladder), to launch an attack with scaling ladders |
Eschever, eschiver |
to avoid |
Escliper |
to set sail |
Esclusee |
blocked |
Esconser |
to set (sun) |
Escourgiee |
whip |
Escouvenir |
to be necessary |
Escouvenue |
matter, affair |
Escuirie |
gathering of squires or horsemen |
Escusance |
explanation, self-justification |
Eslargir (s’- ) |
to spread |
Esleccion |
election or choice relating to the promotion of a person to a title or function |
Esle |
wing (of a bird) |
Esle |
wing (division of the body of an army in battle order, or the position this division occupies) |
Eslevéz |
honoured, exalted, elevated to a higher rank |
Eslire (esleu, esleurent etc.) |
to elect, choose |
Eslite |
elite |
Esloignier |
to leave, stray from, leave behind |
Esmouvement |
inspiration, root, source |
Espace |
period of time |
Espandre (espandi) |
to scatter, spread |
Espars |
scattered, dispersed |
Espesse, en - de bien |
well-intentioned |
Espesseur |
thickness |
Espie |
spy |
Espier |
to spy on |
Espoir |
perhaps, undoubtedly |
Espoir |
hope |
Espouenter |
to scare, terrify |
Estachiees |
pierced, jagged |
Estains |
dead |
Estandart |
standard, flag; ensign carrying a heraldic device and serving as a rally point |
Estat |
situation, condition, state; retinue; en grant - , in great state
|
Estaye |
supporting beam |
Estour |
combat, battle |
Estourdi(e) |
rash, ill-conceived |
Estourdir |
to stun |
Estraine (de bonne -) |
fortune, chance |
Estrange |
foreign |
Estrange |
out of the ordinary, extraordinary; - de, discomfited
|
Estroitement |
strictly |
Eure |
See Heure |
Eureus, eureuse |
lucky, fortunate |
Exemple |
example; parable |
Exemplier |
to lecture, sermonise; illustrate with examples |
Exillier |
to lay waste to (a country or town) |
Exploit |
action, aid (of God) |
Exploitier |
to act, to try one’s best |
Faillir |
to miss, be lacking |
Fait |
act, action, plan, strategy; perdre son - , to fail; - d’armes, feat of chivalry, deed of arms; de - , in fact, in reality
|
Faitissement |
in good order, carefully |
Faitiz |
well-made, pretty, beautiful |
Faloz |
torches |
Fardage |
baggage |
Fault |
See faillir |
Feables |
trustworthy, those worthy of trust |
Felonesse |
heartless, cruel, fierce |
Felonnie |
cruelty, aggression |
Fendant, (tout - parmi) |
to pass quickly through (e.g. a public square) |
Ferir (feru) |
to hit, strike; to touch, reach, to flow into |
Fes |
burden, load |
Festu |
blade of straw |
Fiance |
trust; assurance, faith |
Fiancier |
to promise, swear, to hold (a prisoner) to his word |
Finer |
to achieve, to manage to obtain something; to manage to find something |
Finer |
to finish, end |
Fleurin |
florin, a coin |
Flote (en - ) |
unit (of men), horde |
Flotel, floternel |
defensive jacket lined with twice-spun boar’s hair, worn by men-at-arms |
Foison |
large amount, quantity |
Fol |
senseless, dishonourable; foolish, rash |
Folement |
foolishly, unwisely |
Fons |
bottom; ou - de, at the bottom of, between
|
Forfaire |
to lose through one’s own mistake; to harm someone; forfaire (se - ), to transgress, commit a crime, sin
|
Forfait |
crime, misdeed |
Forfait |
guilty, at fault |
Forment |
many, considerably |
Fors |
except |
Fortuneux, -se |
to be subject to chance |
Fouléz, foullé |
bruised, injured |
Fourme |
conduct according to agreed rules |
Fourme |
physical stature, appearance of a person or animal |
Fourme |
last (used to make shoes) |
Foy |
loyalty, faithfulness; foy et hommaige, fealty and homage, symbolic acts of the contract between lord and vassal: homage was symbolised by both hands being placed
between those of the lord, fealty was pledged with an oath of allegiance
|
Frain |
a horse’s bit or bridle; mis au - de, engaged in the service of, during combat
|
Friqueté |
elegance |
Gaiges |
wages; a (ses) - , engaged by (soldiers)
|
Gait |
lookout, watch |
Gaite |
lookout, sentry, guard |
Galeries, unes - |
gallery, covered space which runs alongside a building or room as a passage or walkway |
Garde |
guard, watch |
Garde |
guard, sentry; watchtower; se donner, se prendre de - , to take precautions; to be on guard against; n’avoir - to have nothing to fear; avoir, prendre - a , to watch out for
|
Geline |
chicken |
Gendre |
kind, type, race |
Gengle |
prattle, affected chatter |
Gent |
people; gathering of men; persons in the service of someone |
Gent |
people (of a country) |
Gentil, gentilz |
noble, high-born |
Gentillecce, gentillesce |
nobility, an act of generosity |
Giet |
throw, launch (e.g. stone or dart) |
Gietter |
to throw |
Gipon |
doublet fitted on the chest and closed with laces |
Gisnest |
Jennet, small Spanish horse |
Giste |
shelter, place to lodge overnight |
Gouverner |
to steer (a ship) with the aid of the rudder |
Gouverner |
to govern, exercise authority (e.g. over a town) |
Gouverner |
to take care of, provide for |
Grant |
size, stature |
Greigneur |
larger; le greigneur, la greigneure, the largest
|
Grever |
to harm, damage, bring to harm |
Gros |
coin worth twelve deniers |
Guisarme |
polearm, weapon made up of a long curved blade edged on the concave side with a slender spear point opposite |
Hable, haible |
harbour, port |
Hardement |
boldness, daring; impudence |
Hastif, hastive |
swift, quick |
Hastivement |
swiftly, quickly |
Haultaineté |
arrogance |
Have |
harbour, port |
Heent |
3rd person plural present indicative of haïr |
Herault |
herald, (officer charged with delivering important messages, regulating tournaments, jousts and knighting ceremonies and recording
and devising blazons
|
Heriéz |
harassed |
Heure, eure |
hour; a la male - , unfortunately, inopportunely
|
Hoir |
heir |
Honnir (honny) |
to defile, soil; to disgrace, dishonour |
Horion |
heavy blow |
Hoyau |
a small hoe with a curved bevelled blade; mattock, pickaxe |
Hoyer, hoer |
to dig |
Huy |
today; meshuy, for the moment, from now on
|
Huyer |
to cry out |
Huys |
gate |
Illec, illuec |
there, in that place |
Incidence |
event, situation |
Injure |
harm, wrong, injustice |
Ireusement |
in a violent rage, furiously |
Issir |
to go out, leave |
Issue |
leaving; going out, sally |
Ja, jamais, jamaiz |
never |
Jaques |
peasant rebels |
Jaques |
defensive jacket lined with twice-spun boar’s hair, worn by men-at-arms |
Jouent |
3rd person plural present of jouer |
Jolis |
joyful, merry; pretty |
Joliveté |
jollity |
Jouee |
swipe, blow (to the cheek) |
Journee |
day; distance a horse travels in one day |
Jus |
at or near the bottom, below; tout - , close by
|
Jusques atant que |
until |
Juste |
precise, accurate |
Juste |
fair, honest; just |
Justement |
properly; fairly, justly |
Laissier |
to leave; to stop, abandon; - de, to say nothing further about; lairay, 1st person singular future; lairoit, 3rd person singular conditional
|
Lance |
lance, spear; weapon with a long handle and an iron tip |
Lance |
a combat unit comprising of a lance-bearing knight, a knife-bearer, a page, a squire and archers |
Lanceis |
vigorous lance combat (sometimes on foot with a shortened lance) |
Langour |
exhaustion |
Large |
large |
Large |
generous, magnanimous |
Largement |
easily, abundantly; in profusion |
Large(s)ce |
generosity |
Largesce (des champs) |
width |
Legier |
easy |
Legierement |
without difficulty |
Letton |
brass; yellow alloy of copper and zinc |
Lez |
side |
Liement |
joyfully |
Limitacion |
frontier, border |
Lin |
light longboat or frigate |
Long |
in the distant future |
Long |
long (for a long time); length; passer au - de, to escape, pass through
|
Longtain, longtaine |
distant, remote |
Lorier |
laurel |
Loy |
religion, belief, faith |
Luite |
fight, (hand-to-hand) combat |
Lumelle |
blade (of a knife) |
Mahommés |
idol |
Mais, ne mais |
no more; a toujours - , forever, in perpetuity; - que, provided that, as long as
|
maistrier |
to become master of |
Mal(e) |
bad |
Marchir |
to abut, adjoin; - a, to border, lie alongside
|
Marmouset, marmousés |
favourite (political or personal; most often used to describe Charles VI’s favoured councillors) |
Masle |
male |
Mautalent |
anger, pique, annoyance |
Mehaignier |
to batter, maim |
Mener |
to lead |
Menestrandie, menestraudie |
musical entertainment (performed by minstrels) |
Menestrel |
minstrel, (travelling) musician |
Meneur |
digger; Frere - , a religious of the Franciscan order (Friars Minor or Cordeliers)
|
Merancolier (se - ) |
to fret, distress oneself |
Merancolieux |
sad, aggrieved, devastated |
Merci |
metre a - , to subjugate; prendre a - , to spare, pardon; crier - a q’n, to call for mercy
|
Mescheoir |
misfortune |
Mescreans, mescreant |
infidels (those who do not follow the Christian religion) |
Mesellerie |
leprosy |
Mesgnie |
servants, retinue (of a king) |
Meshaigné |
maimed, abused |
Meshuy |
See huy |
Message |
message, missive |
Message, messaige |
messenger, emissary |
Millé |
millet |
Miniere |
network of mines or underground tunnels |
Moieu |
yolk (of an egg) |
Mongat, mongaut, montgaut, mougat |
(Provençal word) monk (title or name) |
Monstre |
muster, gathering of troops (in the sense of standing up to be counted by the leader); spectacle |
Morir |
to kill; mort, killed; to die; mort, mors, dead
|
Moustier |
church |
Mucier (se - ) |
to hide; to take shelter, refuge |
Muer |
See Sanc |
Muire, muyre |
3rd person singular subjunctive of morir |
Mule |
haystack |
Mulet |
mule (male offspring of an ass and a mare or of a horse and a she-ass) |
Murdrir, murtrir |
to kill, murder, assassinate |
Muyre |
See Muire |
Navie |
fleet (of ships) |
Navrer |
to wound, injure |
Nef |
ship |
Nennil |
"Not at all!" |
Nettement |
completely, entirely |
Nez |
born |
Nigromancie |
necromancy |
No, a no |
swimming, by swimming |
Noble |
Noble (English coin) |
Non chaloir |
disregard, neglect |
Noncier |
to announce |
Nonne |
None, ninth canonical hour (around 3 o’ clock in the afternoon); a haulte - , before None, when the sun is still high
|
Notable |
well known, significant |
Notable |
sentence, maxim, dictum |
Nourri |
fed |
Nourri |
reared; trained, taught |
Obbit, obit |
annual commemorative service or mass for a deceased person |
Occirre |
to kill |
Oent, oiéz, oioit |
See Ouir |
Onniement |
ceaselessly, continuously, constantly |
Onques (ne - ) |
never |
Ordonnance, ordenance |
disposition, state, behaviour; (good) order; regulation, rule; decision made by a higher authority; estat et - , state and manner; way of life; manner of conducting business
|
Ordonneement |
in good order, in an orderly fashion |
Ordonner |
to arrange, position; to organise (troops etc.); to decide, stipulate; - de q’ch, to make arrangements for something; - a, to appoint, assign to; s’- , to prepare, make preparations; to get ready to do
|
Ordonner |
to set down (in writing) |
Ores |
now |
Ors |
dirty, filthy |
Os |
bone |
Os |
See Avoir, or Ouir |
Ost |
host, army (on campaign) |
Ostel |
inn, residence; household |
Ouir |
to hear, listen; oz, os, 1st person singular present indicative; oiéz, 2nd person plural present indicative; oent, 3rd person plural present indicative; oïoit, 3rd person singular imperfect; oÿ, 3rd person singular preterite
|
Oultragieus, oultragieuse |
extreme, intemperate |
Oultraige, oultrage |
recklessness, foolhardiness; excess, turpitude |
Oultrance |
outrageousness, excess; mener a - , to push to the limit
|
Oultre |
beyond; tout - , through, over; what’s more, still (in direct speech)
|
Oultreement |
entirely |
Oultremer |
across the sea (Mediterranean), thus in the East, of the East |
Oultréz |
exhausted |
Ouniement |
continuously, consistently |
Ouvrer |
to make; to work (on) |
Ouvrer |
to act, behave |
Oÿ |
See Ouir |
Paillés |
paly, parted per pale (in blazon, shield divided vertically into equal parts of two alternating tinctures) |
Palis, pallis |
palisades, fences |
Paour |
fear |
Parage, paraige |
status, birth, lineage |
Parement (chambre de - ) |
ceremonial dressing chamber |
Parfont |
deep, profound (both concrete and abstract meanings) |
Parlement |
conference, discussion, debate; council |
Parlement |
law court, place where people gather to debate; parliament, council |
Parmi |
among, through, by means of |
Parmi |
against, moyennant (la somme de); by way of; - ce, in this way; - ce que, provided that
|
Parole |
metre en paroles, to persuade, encourage (someone) to speak
|
Part |
side; celle - , in that direction, that way; autre - , other direction, side; elsewhere
|
Part |
share |
Parti |
situation; ou - de, on the side of; option, choice; - d’armes, combat situation; en - fait d’armes, in a potential combat situation
|
Partir |
to leave, go back |
Partuis |
gap, opening, hole; See also Pertuis |
Pas, le grant - |
quickly, with all haste |
Pas |
strait or passageway obstructed or watched (often strategic and near a river) |
Passavent |
a movable tower with a footbridge allowing attackers to get onto the top of the wall of a fortress |
Pattis |
convention by which the inhabitants of a country, a town or a region paid a sum of money to guarantee protection from the
free companies, a forced contribution imposed under threat of reprisal, protection money
|
Pavaz |
pavise or large shield |
Pel |
hide (of an animal) |
Penance |
penance, punishment |
Pendans |
strings (of a purse) |
Pennon |
Pennon, a long triangular flag with one point carried by knights |
Pertuis |
gap, opening, hole |
Petit, un - |
a little, a moment |
Peuent, peuz |
See Pouoir |
Peüz |
(masculine past participle of paistre, fed (animals)
|
Pieça |
long-past |
Plain |
flat, level; de - , unhindered, unimpeded
|
Plain |
field, plain |
Plaisance |
pleasure |
Planté |
See Plenté |
Plantureuseté |
plenty, abundance |
Plates |
plate, armour made from steel plates, steel cuirass (originally made of leather) |
Plegier, plegea |
(3rd person preterite), to guarantee, vouch for |
Plommees |
lead clubs |
Point |
moment; reformer en bon - , to rectify; quant il vendra a - , at the right time
|
Porter (se - ) |
to go, present oneself, remain |
Possesser |
to possess |
Pou (un - ) |
a little |
Pouldriere |
cloud of dust left in the wake of an army, cavalcade |
Pouoir |
to be able to; peuent, (3rd person present indicative), peuz (1st person singular preterite)
|
Pour |
despite, in spite of; - ce que, because; so that; - tant, for this reason; - tant que, because
|
Pourchacier |
to persistently chase, pursue; se - , to embark on a quest
|
Pourchaz |
persistence, diligence |
Pourpenser (se) |
to resolve to |
Pourtraire |
to resemble |
Pousseis |
violent assault |
Presentement |
at once, immediately |
Prest |
ready, payment for services yet to be rendered |
Preudom, preudomme, preudon |
a wise, right-minded man, a man of integrity |
Prime, a heure de - |
Prime, around 6 o’clock in the morning (1st canonical hour) |
Prime |
firstly; a - , straight away
|
Procurer |
to strive to obtain, gain through one’s efforts |
Propice |
favourable |
Propos |
aim, intent |
Proufit, -z |
asset, revenue, benefice |
Quanque |
all, everything |
Quans |
how many |
Quant de |
in respect of |
Querir, querre |
to look for, seek |
Quitte |
acquitted; released from an obligation |
Quitter |
to pay (a debt) |
Quoy |
calm, quiet |
Raler (s’en - ) |
to go, leave |
Ramentevoir |
to recall, remember, recollect; ramenteveray, (1st person future); ramenteuz, (1st person singular preterite)
|
Ramordre |
to criticise, recapture, se faire rappeler |
Rapasser |
to cross (again) |
Rasouer |
razor |
Ravaler |
to humble; to reduce |
Recepte |
revenue, receipts; place where revenue and receipts are collected |
Reconqueillir |
to gather, collect, bring back together |
Recorder |
to recount |
Recort |
narrative, report |
Refraindre (se-) |
to suppress, contain, moderate (one's intentions or behaviour) |
Regreter |
to lament |
Relenquir |
to abandon, disown |
Remembrance |
recollection, memory |
Remettre |
to put back; to restore; - sus, to rebuild
|
Remonstrer |
to demonstrate something to someone in order to persuade them |
Remposne |
reproach, insult, taunt |
Renfellonner (se) |
to lose one's temper again |
Renluminer |
to illuminate once more or dramatically |
Requerans |
Those who seek out combat |
Requerre |
to request; to seek out combat alongside someone |
Rere |
to shear, shave; rezes, (feminine plural past participle of rere |
Resconser (se) |
to surrender, find; to set (sun) |
Rescourre |
to come to the aid of, rescue; rescouy, (3rd person singular preterite); rescoux, (masculine past participle); rescousse, (feminine past participle)
|
Rescousse, rescoux, rescouy |
See Rescourre |
Resoignier, ressoignier |
to fear, dread |
Restraindre |
to grip, lock |
Retouldront |
See Tollir |
Retraire (se-) |
to withdraw, leave |
Retret |
private apartments, a place to which to retire |
Revel |
joy; entertainment, recreation |
Rezes |
See Rere |
Rider |
to ride; to navigate, sail |
Riens |
thing or creature |
Roulle |
roll, inventory, list, document |
Route |
band, troupe or company (of men-at-arms) |
Ru |
stream, brook |
Ruer (-jus) |
to throw, knock down |
Ruser |
to trick |
Sachie |
contents of a bag, quantity, amount |
Saiette |
arrow |
Saillir (sailliéz, sailli, saillirent, sauldroient, sauldréz) |
to bound out, jump, leap, dash; - avant, to make a sally, advance on
|
Saine |
unspoilt la plus - partie, the greater or better part
|
Saisine |
possession, or possession of an inheritance by a lord |
Salvacion |
salvation, deliverance |
Sanc |
blood; le - li mua, he became enraged; estre - mué, to be seized with terror
|
Sauldroient |
(conditional) see Saillir |
Sauveté |
safety, security |
Seeller |
to seal, close with a seal; to affix a seal |
Sejourner |
to stay, remain |
Selon |
alongside |
Selon |
according to, in accordance with |
Selon |
considering, given |
Semblance |
appearance, aspect |
Semblant |
appearance; faire - de, to pretend; par - , so it seems; faire bon - , to show favour towards; a leur - , in their opinion
|
Senestre (a la main-) |
left(hand), to the left |
Sentir |
to sense, to recognise something intuitively |
Seoir |
to be situated, at a siege for example; to sit; to be seated; - a q'un, to please, suit
|
Seremens, serement |
oath |
Servaige |
serfdom, servitude |
Sery |
serene, calm |
Seur |
reliable, faithful |
Si |
thus, so; - que, so that; mais si firent, and yet they did it
|
Sigler |
to navigate, set sail |
Singulierement |
only, exclusively |
Sisme |
schism |
Soier |
to saw, cut |
Solacier |
to enjoy oneself |
Solas |
entertainment, amusement |
Sommage(s) |
baggage or group of beasts of burden |
Sommier |
beast of burden |
Sors |
magic, sorcery |
Soubtil |
adept, skilful |
Soubtill(i)er |
to do one's utmost to |
Soubtivetéz |
tricks |
Soubzterrine |
underground passage |
Souef |
slowly, unhurried |
Souffrir |
to abide, accept, endure (a difficult situation); se - de, to wait; to refrain from
|
Souloient (souloir) |
were in the habit of (doing something) |
Soye |
long, coarse hair from a pig or boar used as lining material in defensive jackets |
Stilléz |
accomplished, proficient, skilled |
Sus |
on, at the top of; courir - , to assault, attack; metre - , to organise, carry out, have carried out; en - , away from
|
Taille |
tax or rent paid to a lord |
Taille |
size (of a person) |
Taillie, tailliéz |
able, capable; displaying the physical characteristics to be able to do something |
Taillier, se taillier de |
to prepare to |
Tailloer |
trencher, a piece of bread to put food on |
Tanner (se) |
to grow tired |
Tant |
(so) much; - seulement, only, solely; - que, until; so long as; - comme, while, as long as
|
Tant |
measure, quantity |
Tantet |
small amount |
Tantost |
at once, straightaway |
Tasseaux |
group, gathering |
Tauxent (tauxer) |
to determine, fix the amount, evaluate, assess |
Tempestemens |
din, racket, furore |
Tempesteur |
malevolent spirit, poltergeist |
Temprement |
soon |
Temps |
time, length, term; de grant - , long-past; before long
|
Tendis |
period of time |
Tenue |
possession |
Terme |
period of time; term, deadline |
Termine |
period of time |
Terribouris |
skirmish, scuffle, clash |
Terrien |
landed, owner of large estates |
Terrien |
earthly, of this earth |
Tierce |
Terce (divine office), about 9 o’clock in the morning |
Tiercement |
thirdly |
Tollir (tollu) |
to remove (removed), take; retollir, retrouldrent, recapture
|
Tors, tores |
slanted |
Tournois |
forged at Tours (coin) |
Tousdiz |
always |
Tout, a tout |
with |
Toutevoie |
nevertheless |
Traire |
to draw (e.g. a bow); to pull in a certain direction; se - , to go, head for
|
Traïsteur |
traitor |
Trait |
fire, shot, the distance of a shot |
Trait, a trait |
slowly, calmly, at leisure |
Travail |
hardship; suffering |
Traveilleux |
arduous |
Traveillier |
to tire, harass |
Tres |
since |
Trestost, si trestost |
as soon; si - comme, as soon as
|
Treu, treuz |
rents, payments |
Trieuves |
truce, treaty |
Tristres |
unhappy, aggrieved |
Trop |
strong; very; many |
Uef |
egg |
Uis, uys |
door, gate; see also Huys |
Vair |
grey-blue, clear and bright (to describe eyes) |
Vair |
grey-white spotted (squirrel) fur; menu - , miniver, predominantly white fur, finely striped, made of bellies only; heraldic fur
|
Varlet |
squire, youth, servant |
Venimeuses |
poisonous, venomous (words) |
Venteux |
boasters |
Ventue |
de premiere - , straightaway, at once; de pleine -, immediately
|
Vergoigneus |
ashamed |
Verséz |
knocked down, thrown to the ground (in combat) |
Vespre |
eventide, evening (Vespers, divine office observed at the end of the afternoon); basses - , end of the evening
|
Vespree |
eventide |
Veu |
wish, vow; au - de, in the name of
|
Vey |
1st person singular preterite of veoir |
Viaire |
face |
Viande |
food, victuals |
Victorier |
take back or celebrate a victory, to emerge victorious |
Vireton |
crossbow bolt with feathers placed at an angle to make it spin in the air |
Vive |
sheer, very steep |
Voir |
true; au - dire, to tell the truth, indeed, certainly
|
Voir |
truth; tourner en - , to accept as the truth; trouver en - , to find to be true
|
Voire |
in truth, truly; certainly, of course |
Vois |
1st person singular present indicative of aler; voise, 1st person singular present subjunctive of aler |
Vuit, vuis |
empty |
Vueil |
1st person singular present indicative of vouloir |
Vuide |
empty |
Vuider, vuidier |
to empty, clear out, leave; to abandon, leave |
Vuider |
to emerge from, come out of |
Ydole |
idol |
|