
sak
(OSw)
sak
(ODan)
sak
(OGu)
sök
(ON)
noun
Primarily, ‘(legal) case’, however often appearing in alternative translations and used of related aspects of the legal procedure, such as ‘lawsuit’, ‘charge’, ‘claim’ and ‘indictment’. Sometimes used of the cause for the legal case, occurring in translations such as ‘crime’, ‘cause’ or ‘accusation’. Elsewhere used of the result of legal proceedings, illustrated by translations such as ‘fines’, ‘compensation’ and ‘punishment’ but also ‘guilt’ and ‘liability’. There is considerable overlap between usages and it is not always possible to determine which one is intended.
accusation OSw DL Kkb
ONorw GuL Krb, Mhb, Tjb
ODan SkL 148
OSw YVgL Tb
action ODan JyL 1, 2
case OSw ÄVgL Kkb, Md, Smb, Slb, Gb, Rlb, Tb, Fös, Föb
ONorw BorgL 16.7
OSw DL Kkb
ODan ESjL 2, 3
ONorw FrL KrbA 32 Mhb 6
OGu GL A 4, 14, Add. 2 (B 17)
OIce Grg
ONorw GuL Trm
OSw HL Mb, Rb
OIce Js passim
ODan JyL 1, 3
OIce KRA 15, 34
OSw ÖgL Kkb, Eb, Db, Vm
OSw SdmL Kgb, Gb, Jb, Bb, Kmb, Mb, Tjdb, Rb
ODan SkKL 11
ODan SkL 85, 121, 145, 149, 156
OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Äb, Mb, Kmb, Blb, Rb, Add. 9
OSw VmL Kkb, Äb, Mb, Kmb, Bb, Rb
ODan VSjL 37, 41, 50, 87
OSw YVgL Kkb, Drb, Gb, Rlb, Tb, Föb, Utgb, Add
cause ONorw GuL Mhb
OSw SdmL Bb, Tjdb
ODan SkL 112
OSw SmL
OSw UL Kkb, Blb, Rb
OSw VmL Kkb, Mb, Rb
charge (1) ONorw FrL KrbA 46
ONorw GuL Krb
OSw YVgL Gb
claim ODan ESjL 3
OGu GL Add. 1 (B 4)
ODan JyL 2
ODan SkKL 11
claim for compensation OGu GL A 14, Add. 1 (B 4)
compensation OSw ÄVgL Kkb, Gb, Rlb
OSw DL Mb, Gb, Tjdb
ONorw GuL Mhb, Sab
OSw YVgL Kkb, Föb, Add
crime OSw ÄVgL Rlb, Tb
OSw DL Kkb
OGu GL A 5, 13, Add. 1 (B 4)
OSw ÖgL Eb, Db
OSw UL Mb, Rb
OSw VmL Kkb
OSw YVgL Kkb, Drb, Rlb, Add
errand OSw HL Kkb
fine OSw DL Kkb, Mb, Bb, Tjdb, Rb
OGu GL A 6–9, 25, 31
OGu GS Ch. 3
OSw HL Äb, Rb
OIce Jó Fml 16
OSw SdmL Conf, Rb
OSw UL Kkb, Kmb, Rb
guilt ONorw GuL Krb, Mhb, Tjb
indictment OSw ÄVgL Vs
lawsuit OIce Grg Þsþ 64
liability OGu GL A 17
OSw UL Mb
matter OSw DL Tjdb
ONorw FrL Intr 10
OSw UL StfBM, Mb, Rb
OSw VmL Kkb, Rb
OSw YVgL Föb
misdemeanour OSw UL Kkb, Äb
OSw VmL Kkb, Äb
offence OIce Grg Þsþ 80
ONorw GuL Tfb
OSw HL Äb
OSw ÖgL Eb, Db, Vm
OSw UL Mb
payment ONorw GuL Kpb
prosecution ONorw GuL Krb, Kpb, Mhb
punishment OSw SdmL Kkb, Bb, Rb
right to claim compensation OGu GL A 2
suit ONorw FrL KrbB 20
OIce Grg passim Expressions:
kenna sak (OGu)
accuse OGu GL A 2
sak gifa, giva sak (OSw) give sak (ODan) gefa sök (ON)
Literally ‘to give (somebody) a case’. Used in the early stages of legal proceedings, i.e. when the victim of a crime wanted to start legal proceedings or when a person who allegedly committed a crime is informed of this, and has hence been translated as ‘to accuse’, ‘to summon’, ‘to charge’, etc.
accuse ODan JyL 2 SkL 221 VSjL 41 OSw SmL UL Kkb, Mb, Jb, Kmb, Blb, Rb YVgL Drb, Rlb, Tb, Föb ÄVgL Md, Gb, Rlb, Tb, Föb ÖgL Eb, Vm
accuse of a crime OSw HL Rb
allege OSw ÄVgL Rlb
appeal OSw ÄVgL Tb
be a case against ODan SkL 203
blame for a crime OSw HL Äb
bring a case (against) ODan JyL 2 OSw DL Bb, Rb
bring an action against ODan JyL 2
bring a prosecution OSw UL Mb, Rb VmL Kkb, Mb, Rb
challenge OSw VmL Mb, Bb
charge ODan SkL 89, 230 OIce Jó Llb 26 OSw SdmL Kkb, Kgb, Äb, Bb, Kmb, Mb, Tjdb, Rb YVgL Kkb ÄVgL Gb
conduct prosecution OSw DL Rb
give indictment OSw YVgL Vs
give someone a case ODan ESjL 3 SkL 149, 219
give someone a case OSw ÄVgL Rlb
initiate a case ODan SkL 121
make a case ODan SkL 111, 140
make a suit OSw YVgL Drb ÄVgL Md
make suit against OSw YVgL Drb
prosecute OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Mb, Blb, Rb VmL Kkb, Kgb, Mb, Kmb, Bb, Rb YVgL Kkb, Drb, Rlb, Tb, Föb, Add ÖgL Db
put in action (a case) ODan SkL 119
raise a case ODan ESjL 2 SkL 158 OSw HL Rb
raise a claim ODan SkKL 9, 12
raise an accusation OSw YVgL Frb, Tb ÄVgL Slb
state a claim OSw HL Rb
sue ODan JyL 2, 3 OSw HL Kkb, Mb YVgL Frb, Gb, Add ÄVgL Slb
summon ODan JyL 2 SkL 145, 146, 200 VSjL 38, 41, 87
summon someone for a case ODan SkL 149
take action against ODan ESjL 2 JyL 2, 3 SkL 118, 120
sak sætia (OSw)
sue OSw HL Rb
sea sakum, sak sia (OGu)
demand compensation OGu GL Add 1 (B 4)
negotiate compensation OGu GL Add 1 (B 4)
sea viþer sakum, sakum viþr sia (OGu)
answer a demand for compensation OGu GL Add 1 (B 4)
defend a claim OGu GL Add 1 (B 4)
sökia sak (OSw)
sue OSw YVgL Gb
accuse ODan SkL 147 VSjL 37
be the plaintiff ODan SkL 121
bring a case (against) ODan SkL 219
bring action OSw ÄVgL Md
complain ODan SkL 4
prosecute OSw SdmL Mb
pursue a case ODan SkL 147, 152
raise a case ODan SkKL 11 OSw YVgL Gb
raise a charge ODan SkL 86
raise a claim ODan SkL 14, 88
summon ODan SkL 147
take action ODan ESjL 1 SkL 121
viþer sak, viþr sak (OGu)
to the sum of OGu GL A 17
ægha sak (OSw)
be guilty OSw HL Mb
Refs:Bjorvand and Lindeman s.v. sak; Cleasby and Vigfússon s.v. sök; Fritzner s.v. sök; Hellquist s.v. sak; Hertzberg s.v. sök; SAOB s.v. sak; Schlyter s.v. sak
- ‘sak’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4430 (08/15/2022)
sakaaukabót
(ON)
noun
atonement extra compensation
ONorw
FrL
Sab 14
- ‘sakaaukabót’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4432 (08/15/2022)
sakaráberi
(ON)
noun
case-bearer
ONorw
EidsL
44
plaintiff
ONorw
FrL
Intr 16 KrbB 20 Mhb 8 Rgb 7
ONorw
GuL
Krb
OIce
Jó
Þfb 5, 8 Mah 8, 22 Llb 27 Kab 13
OIce
Js
Þfb 3, 5 Mah 8, 16
prosecutor
ONorw
FrL
Mhb 22 Var 12 Bvb 11
- ‘sakaráberi’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4433 (08/15/2022)
sakaraðili
(ON)
noun
principal in the case
OIce
Grg
Vís 87 Ómb 142, Feþ 156, 167 Misc 254
- ‘sakaraðili’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4434 (08/15/2022)
sakargift
(ON)
noun
accusation
ONorw
FrL
Kvb 14
charge (1)
OIce
Jó
Kge 5
OIce
Js
Kvg 5
- ‘sakargift’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4435 (08/15/2022)
sakarspell
(ON)
noun
case-spoiler
OIce
Grg
Þsþ 72 Vís 89
something which spoils a case
OIce
Grg
Þsþ 35
- ‘sakarspell’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4436 (08/15/2022)
sakarsǿkjandi
(ON)
sakasǿkjandi
(ON)
noun
prosecutor
OIce
Grg
Þsþ 25, 58
- ‘sakarsǿkjandi’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4437 (08/15/2022)
sakarverjandi
(ON)
noun
defendant
OIce
Grg
Þsþ 20
- ‘sakarverjandi’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4438 (08/15/2022)
sakarvörn
(ON)
noun
defence in a case
OIce
Grg
Vís 86
- ‘sakarvörn’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4439 (08/15/2022)
sakauki
(ON)
noun
This was an additional person (i.e. outside the circles of baugamenn (see baugamaðr) and nefgildismenn (see nefgildismaðr), such as an illegitimate child, entitled to part of the wergild. See GuL chs 236 and 237.
atonement extras ONorw FrL Sab 5
OIce Grg Bat 113
increaser of the wergild ONorw GuL Mhb Refs:
Hertzberg s.v. sakauki; KLNM s.v. mansbot
- ‘sakauki’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4440 (08/15/2022)
sakaðr
(ON)
adj.
accused
OIce
Jó
Þfb 3 Kab 2 Þjb 19, 21
charged
OIce
KRA
6, 11
- ‘sakaðr’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4441 (08/15/2022)
sakbót
(ON)
sakbætr
(ON)
sakbǿtr
(ON)
noun
atonement
OIce
Grg
Vís 102 Bat 113
OIce
Js
Mah 15
compensation
ONorw
GuL
Kpb
- ‘sakbót’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4442 (08/15/2022)
saker
(OSw)
sakr
(OGu)
sekr
(ON)
sæker
(OSw)
adj.
Derived from the noun sak ‘case; cause; crime; fine’. Often translated as ‘guilty’ or occasionally ‘sentenced’. Frequently appers with the amount to be paid in fines/compensation, which explains translations such as ‘guilty/liable/obliged to pay’, ‘guilty/liable/responsible to compensate’. The specifically OIce usage (ON sekr) ‘outlawed’ (Grg) changed into ‘liable to pay a fine’ or ‘under penalty’ in the later Js and Jó, possibly related to a stronger emphasis on the expropriation of the convicted’s possessions.
case OSw YVgL Föb
compensation OSw YVgL Jb
condemned OIce Grg Þsþ 48
fine OSw YVgL Jb
fined ONorw FrL KrbA 8 KrbB 4 Mhb 7, 9 Var 1 Bvb 6
OGu GL A 4
OIce Grg Klþ 2
OIce Jó Þfb 2, 3 Sg 1
OIce Js Mah 12
OIce KRA 1, 14
OSw ÖgL Kkb
guilty OSw ÄVgL Gb, Tb, Fös
OIce Jó Þjb 8
OSw ÖgL Kkb
OSw YVgL Tb
guilty to compensate OSw ÖgL Kkb, Db
OSw YVgL Utgb
guilty to pay OSw ÖgL Vm
liable OSw DL Bb
OSw UL Rb
liable to (pay) OGu GL A 9, 10, 13, 25, 26, 31, 48, 55, 56a, 61
OSw UL Kkb, Mb, Kmb, Rb
OSw VmL Kkb, Äb, Mb, Kmb, Bb
liable to compensate OSw ÖgL Kkb
OSw YVgL Kkb, Föb, Utgb
liable to pay OSw SdmL Kkb, Äb, Bb, Kmb, Mb, Rb, Till
liable to pay compensation or a fine ONorw GuL Kpb, Løb, Llb, Leb
obliged to pay OSw YVgL Gb
obliged to pay a fine OSw DL Tjdb
outlawed OIce Grg Þsþ 48 Vís 102 Bat 113 Feþ 158
responsible to compensate OSw YVgL Tb
sentenced OSw HL Kkb
under penalty OIce Grg Klþ 1 Vís 90 Feþ 144 Lbþ 172 Misc 237
OFar Seyð 5 Refs:
Breisch 1994, 162–63; Brink 2002; Cleasby and Vigfússon s.v. sekr; Fritzner s.v. sekr; Riisøy 2014; SAOB s.v. sak; Schlyter s.v. saker
- ‘saker’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4443 (08/15/2022)
sakfé
(ON)
noun
object paid in wergild
ONorw
GuL
Mhb
- ‘sakfé’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4444 (08/15/2022)
sakgildr
(ON)
adj.
current
ONorw
FrL
Rgb 46 LlbA 15
valid
OIce
Grg
Bat 113
- ‘sakgildr’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4445 (08/15/2022)
sakgivi
(OSw)
noun
person aggrieved
OSw
YVgL
Add
- ‘sakgivi’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4446 (08/15/2022)
saklös
(OSw)
sakløs
(ODan)
saklaus
(OGu)
saklauss
(ON)
adj.
Literally ‘without a case’ (cf. sak). Sometimes translated as ‘innocent’, ‘not guilty’, but often appearing in contexts that are ambiguous as to whether the defendant has been acquitted/declared not guilty, or whether the charges have been dropped. Potential translations of the former are ‘exonerated’, ‘free from responsibility’, ‘blameless’, ‘without fault’, while the latter might be reflected in translations such as ‘discharged’, ‘with impunity‘, ‘without a case’, ‘without cause’, ‘free of charge’. In addition, saklös might be used for cases where the victim/plaintiff does not receive any fines/compensation, or, possibly, is to be protected from loss, reflected in translations such as ‘uncompensated’, ‘indemnified’.
blameless OSw HL Kkb, Mb, Jb, Blb, Rb
OSw UL Kgb, Jb
clear of charge OSw HL Kgb
discharged OSw DL Kkb, Mb, Bb, Rb
OSw SdmL Kkb, Kgb, Bb, Kmb, Mb, Tjdb, Rb, Till
OSw UL Kkb, Mb, Kmb, Blb, Rb
OSw VmL Kkb, Äb, Mb, Jb, Kmb, Bb, Rb
exempt OSw UL Kkb, Blb
OSw VmL Kkb, Bb
exempt from having to pay a fine OIce Jó Mah 15
exempt from punishment OIce Jó Mah 21 Fml 15
exonerated OSw UL Blb, Add. 8
free from obligation OGu GS Ch. 4
OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Mb, Blb, Rb
free from responsibility OSw DL Kkb, Bb, Rb
OSw HL Äb, Mb
OSw SdmL Kkb, Kgb, Jb, Bb, Kmb, Mb, Rb
OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Äb, Mb, Rb
OSw VmL Kgb, Äb, Mb, Bb, Rb
free of any claim ODan SkL 241
free of charge ODan ESjL 2, 3
ODan JyL 3
ODan SkL 137, 147, 148, 163, 170, 233, 241
ODan VSjL 87
free of guilt OSw DL Bb, Rb
OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Jb
OSw VmL Kkb, Jb, Bb
freed OSw DL Kkb
guiltless OSw DL Bb
having no case to answer OGu GL A 2
OSw UL Kgb, Mb, Jb, Kmb, Blb, Rb
OSw VmL Kgb, Mb, Jb, Kmb, Bb, Rb
illegal OSw HL Mb
OSw YVgL Tb
indemnified OSw SdmL Bb
innocent ODan ESjL 2
ONorw FrL Intr 1, 6
ONorw GuL Mhb
OSw HL Kgb, Mb, Blb
OIce Jó Mah 14, 17
OIce Js Mah 7, 36
OIce KRA 18
OSw SdmL Kgb, Kmb, Mb, Tjdb
OSw UL Kkb, Kgb, Mb, Kmb, Blb, Rb
OSw VmL Kgb, Mb, Kmb, Bb
inoffensive OIce Grg Misc 243
invalid OSw YVgL Jb, Add
lawful OSw YVgL Utgb
no fine in compensation is to be paid out OSw HL Blb
not guilty OSw HL Kgb, Mb
not implicated OSw YVgL Tb
not litigant ODan JyL Fort
not obliged OSw DL Bb
OSw HL Kgb
not prosecuted OSw YVgL Tb
not responsible OSw YVgL Frb
not to be forfeited OSw DL Eb
uncompensated OSw DL Mb, Bb
with impunity OGu GS Ch. 4
OSw SdmL Kkb, Jb, Bb, Kmb, Tjdb, Rb, Till
OSw SmL
OSw UL Kkb, Blb
OSw VmL Kkb, Bb
with right OSw HL Blb
without a case OSw ÄVgL Tb, Föb
ODan ESjL 3
OSw YVgL Tb, Add
without a case to answer OSw DL Eb, Bb, Tjdb
OSw ÖgL Kkb, Eb, Db
without cause OSw ÄVgL Md, Fös
OSw HL Kkb
OIce Jó Mah 2 Kge 5
OIce Js Mah 7 Kvg 5
ODan JyL 2
OSw UL Blb
OSw YVgL Kkb, Frb, Urb, Drb, Tb, Föb, Utgb, Add
without compensation OSw HL Jb, Blb
without consequences OSw ÄVgL Tb
OSw YVgL Utgb
without fault OSw UL Kkb
without guilt OSw HL Kgb
without legal penalty OSw UL Kgb
OSw YVgL Föb
without liability OSw YVgL Drb
without obligations OSw DL Eb, Mb, Bb, Gb
without reason ONorw FrL Intr 24 Kvb 14 Refs:
Schlyter s.v. saklös; Fritzner s.v. saklauss; SAOB s.v. saklös
- ‘saklös’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4447 (08/15/2022)
saklösa
(OSw)
noun
without a case to answer to
OSw
ÖgL
Eb
- ‘saklösa’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4448 (08/15/2022)
saklöst
(OSw)
sakløst
(ODan)
saklaust
(OGu)
adv.
free of charge
ODan
SkL
133, 202
freely
OSw
HL
Jb
with impunity
OSw
SmL
OSw
UL
Kkb, Blb
OSw
VmL
Kkb, Jb, Bb, Rb
without a case
OSw
DL
Rb
OSw
YVgL
Add
without a case to answer
OSw
ÖgL
Db
without compensation
OSw
HL
Mb
without penalty
OGu
GL
A 26
OSw
UL
Kgb
- ‘saklöst’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4449 (08/15/2022)
saknæmr
(ON)
adj.
liable at law
OIce
Grg
Feþ 155
- ‘saknæmr’. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. http://www.dhi.ac.uk/lmnl/nordicheadword/displayPage/4450 (08/15/2022)
