MarginaliaAn. 1555. August.tholicke buriall, yet we see no cause why to exclude hym out of the number of CHRISTES holy Martyrs and heyres of hys holy kingdome.
The Rerum contained a note that James Abbes was burned at Bury St Edmunds on 2 August 1555 (p. 510). The entire account of Abbes appeared in the 1563 edition and it was based partly on copies of official documents (which survive) and on personal testimony. There were no changes to this account in the subsequent editions.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaAugust. 2.AMong many that trauailed in these troublesome dayes to kepe a good consciēce, there was one MarginaliaIames Abbes, Martyr.Iames Abbes a young man, which through compulsion of the tyranny then vsed, was enforced to haue his part with his brethren in wandryng and goyng from place to place, to auoyde the perill of apprehending. But when time came, that the Lord had an other worke to doe for him, he was caught by the handes of wicked men, and brought before the Byshop of Norwich, Doct. Hopton. Who examinyng hym of his Religion, and chargyng him therewith very sore, both with threates and fayre speach, MarginaliaIames Abbes relented.at the last the sayd poore Iames did yeld, and relented to their naughty persuasions, although his conscience consented not therto.
A denunciation of Abbes and others for heretical beliefs, copied from Norwich records which are no longer extant, survives among Foxe's papers (BL, Harley 421, fo. 186v). A copy of an interrogation of Abbes on 10 March 1554 is BL, Harley 421, fos. 216v-217r. A copy of a sentence against Abbes is on BL, Harley 421, fos. 199r-200r. Abbes must have abjured after this sentence.
[Back to Top]From here until the end of the account of Abbes, Foxe is relying on personal testimony or testimonies, not official documents.
Now this beyng done, the Byshop with his Chaplaines, did labour a fresh to wynne him agayne: but in vayne, MarginaliaIames Abbes made strong by his infirmitie.for the sayd Iames Abbes would not yeld for none of them all, although he had playd Peter before through infirmitie, but stode manfully in his masters quarell to the end, and abode the force of the fire, to the
[Back to Top]consumyng of his body into ashes, which tyranny of burnyng was done in Berie the second day of August, an. 1555.
The Rerum has a note that Denley, exaggeratedly described as being of noble family ('genere nobilis'), was burned at Uxbridge on 2 August 1555 (p. 510). There is also a version of the articles objected against Denley and Newman together with their answers (pp. 510-13). This is followed by a reiterated mention of Denley's death at Uxbridge and a statement that Newman was burned in September (actually it was 31 August 1555) in Saffron Walden (p. 513). Finally, Foxe stated that he would later print Newman's confession of faith (p. 513). He would print this confession offaith in the 1563 edition but not in the Rerum.
[Back to Top]In the 1563 edition, all of the material Foxe would ever have on Denley and Patingham was present, badly arranged. Tyrrell's letter, Newman's confession of faith and a letter from Denley to Simpson and Ardley were now printed, along with a somewhat different, and more complete, version of the articles and answers of Denley and Newman (these last almost certainly taken from official records). The desciption of the final examination of the three martyrs, first printed in this edition, may have come from either official records or personal testimony, but the account of Denley's execution was certainly based on personal testimony.
[Back to Top]In the 1570 edition all these materials were re-arranged, but Newman's confession of faith and Denley's letter to Simpson and Ardley were dropped. On the other hand, Newman's account of his examinations in Canterbury was added to this edition, together with Foxe's 'notes' breaking Newman's arguments into syllogisms. Foxe must have received this material while the 1570 edition was being printed, as he inserted it in the text over four hundred pages after the account of Newman's martyrdom (1570, pp. 2135-37). No changes were made to this material in the 1576 edition, and Newman's Canterbury examinations were still printed hundreds of pages out of chronological order (1576, pp. 1856-58). In the 1583 edition, Newman's confession of faith was restored. His Canterbury examinations were integrated with the account of his martyrdom. But, through an oversight, these examinations were also reprinted in their old location hundreds of pages later (1583, pp. 1950-51); consequently these examinations were printed twice in the 1583 edition.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaIohn Denley gentlemā, Ioh. Newman, Patrike Pathingham, Martyrs.IN the middest of this tempestuous rage of malignant aduersaries
Notice how this passage was toned down in the 1570 edition; this is another example of Foxe moderating his language in the second edition.
I.e., clerics.
This was was 'pharasitical' in the 1563 and 1570 editions. It was changed to 'parasitical' in the 1576 edition, undoubtedly as a printer's error. This mistake was reprinted in the 1583 edition.
Denley and Newman were taking a letter to John Simpson and John Ardley (1563, p. 1246). Simpson had been one of the leaders of the Bocking conventicle, a gathering of protestants from Kent and Essex, in 1550. Simpson also wrote a letter to a congregation in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent. (See Freeman [2002], p. 130 n.5). Denley and Newman were probably part of Simpson's network of Kentish contacts.
[Back to Top]Where Foxe obtained this letter is a little mysterious as it would not have been in an ecclesiastical register. It was probably found in Whitehall and given to Foxe by William Cecil. In 1570, Foxe added a marginal note saying that the recipient was Sir Richard Southwell; Foxe must have learned this from whoever gave him this letter.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaA letter of detection written by Master Edmond Tyrrell to a Commissioner, whom I gesse to be Sir Rich. Southwel.SIr, with most harty commendations vnto you, these shalbe to aduertyse you, that I haue receiued a letter from sir Nicholas Hare and you, and other of the King and Queenes maiesties Commissioners, by a seruaunt of the king and Quenes, called Iohn Failes,for certaine busines, about Saint Osythes, the which I could not immediately go about, for that I had receiued a letter from the Counsell, to assist the Shieriffe for the execution of the heretickes, the one at Rayleygh,
I.e., John Ardley.
I.e., John Simpson.
And as I came homeward, I met with two men: Euen as I saw them, I suspected them, and then I dyd examyne them, and search them,MarginaliaMaster Denley and Iohn Newman, by the way mette and apprehended, by M. Edmond Tyrrell. and I did fynd about them certayne letters, which I haue sent you, and also a certayne wryting in paper, what their fayth was. And they confessed to me that they had forsaken and fled out of their countrey
In the sixteenth century, country and county were synonymous; in this case Kent is meant.
By your assured to commaund,
Edmund Tyrrell.
For so much as in this letter mention is made of a certaine writing in paper founde about them of theyr faith, what this writing was, and what were the contentes of them, the copy thereof here ensueth.