1583 Edition | Book 8 | Page 1102 
Close(1485 - 1536) [ODNB]
Queen of England (1509 - 33); 1st consort of Henry VIII
After the death of Prince Arthur, his widow Catherine married his brother Henry. 1563, p. 456; 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
When Catherine learned from the legates that they had been deputed to determine the matter of a divorce between the king and her, she composed an answer to them. She blamed Wolsey as the cause of the proposed divorce. 1563, pp. 456-57; 1570, pp. 1193-94; 1576, p. 1022; 1583, p. 1050.
Henry and Catherine were summoned to appear before the papal legates, Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggi, who had a commission to judge the matter of the divorce. Henry sent two proxies; Catherine arrived in person, accompanied by ladies and counsellors, including four bishops. She appealed from the cardinals to the pope. 1563, pp. 456-57; 1570, p. 1194; 1576, p. 1022; 1583, p. 1050.
[Back to Top]Parliament approved Thomas Cranmer's separation of Henry and Catherine and his marriage to Anne Boleyn. 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
The archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer), along with the bishops of London (Stokesley), Winchester (Gardiner), Bath and Wells (Clerk) and Lincoln (Longland) and other clergy went to see Queen Catherine. She failed to attend when summoned over 15 days, and they pronounced that she and the king were divorced. She appealed to the pope. 1570, p. 1200; 1576, p. 1027; 1583, p. 1055.
[Back to Top]The duke of Suffolk was sent to Catherine of Aragon after her divorce from the king to reduce the size of her household, removing those who refused to serve her as princess rather than queen. 1570, p. 1200; 1576, p. 1027; 1583, p. 1055.
Catherine of Aragon died in the same year in which Anne Boleyn and William Tyndale were executed. 1570, p. 1232; 1576, p. 1055; 1583, p. 1082.
Close(1500 - 1558) [C. Scott Dixon, M. Greengrass, www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/histcourse/reformat/biograph.htm]
Duke of Burgundy; king of Spain (1516 - 56)
Holy Roman Emperor (1520 - 56); abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of son Phillip II of Spain and the imperial throne in favour of brother Ferdinand
Charles V had promised to marry Princess Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, but bowed to objections in Spain that the marriage of her parents had been irregular. He married Isabella of Portugal instead. 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
Henry VIII, encouraged by Cardinal Wolsey, began to question the validity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He sought the advice of universities and learned men, but needed the assent of the pope and the emperor to a divorce. 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Thomas Wyatt was sent to Emperor Charles V. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
The emperor and other princes requested Henry VIII to attend the council to be held at Mantua or to send delegates. Henry again refused, sending a protestation. 1570, pp. 1293-94; 1576, pp. 1106-08; 1583, pp. 1132-33.
Francois I of France and Emperor Charles V retained Robert Granceter, a condemned traitor, and refused to hand him over to Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1087.
Charles V requested of Edward VI that his cousin Mary Tudor be allowed to have the mass said in her house. The request was denied. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Close(1481 - 1559) King of Denmark and Norway (1513 - 23); king of Sweden (1520 - 21); deposed, imprisoned (1532 - 59)
Christian's daughter Dorothea was being conducted to her wedding at the time that William Tyndale was arrested. 1563, p. 516; 1570, p. 1228; 1576, p. 1051; 1583, p. 1078.
CloseDaughter of Christian II of Denmark; married Frederick II, elector palatine
Dorothea was being conducted to her wedding at the time that William Tyndale was arrested. 1563, p. 516; 1570, p. 1228; 1576, p. 1051; 1583, p. 1078.
Close(1482 - 1556) Count Palatine, elector (1544 - 56)
Dorothea, daughter of Christian II of Denmark, was being conducted to her wedding to Frederick II at the time that William Tyndale was arrested. 1563, p. 516; 1570, p. 1228; 1576, p. 1051; 1583, p. 1078.
Close(1501 - 1526) Daughter of Philip I and Joanna of Castile; archduchess of Austria; married Christian II of Denmark; queen of Denmark (1514 - 23); sister of Emperor Charles V
Isabella's daughter Dorothea was being conducted to her wedding at the time that William Tyndale was arrested. 1563, p. 516; 1570, p. 1228; 1576, p. 1051; 1583, p. 1078.
Close(c. 1469 - 1535) [ODNB]
Vice-chancellor of Cambridge University (1501 - 1504); chancellor of Cambridge University (1504); bishop of Rochester (1504 - 34); cardinal; martyr
John Fisher preached a sermon at the penance of Robert Barnes. 1563, p. 602; 1570, p. 1365; 1576, p. 1165; 1583, p. 1193.
Fisher preached a sermon against Luther in 1526. 1563, p. 436; 1570, p. 1129; 1576, p. 967; 1583, pp. 993-94.
Thomas Wolsey, William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, John Fisher, Nicholas West, John Veysey, John Longland, John Clerk and Henry Standish took part in the examination of Thomas Bilney and Thomas Arthur in 1527-28. 1563, pp. 461-78; 1570, pp. 1134-46; 1576, pp. 971-81; 1583, pp. 998-1008.
John Fisher was one of the chief advocates for Queen Catherine before the papal legates considering the matter of the divorce. 1563, p. 458; 1570, p. 1194; 1576, p. 1023; 1583, p. 1051.
Fisher protested in parliament in 1530 about the proposed bill relating to the probate of testaments, saying it would mean the ruin of the church. 1570, p. 1131; 1576, p. 968; 1583, p. 995.
Thomas Hitten was imprisoned by Archbishop Warham and Bishop Fisher, tortured and then burnt at Maidstone. 1570, p. 1134; 1576, p. 971; 1583, pp. 997-98.
The bishop of Rochester said that angels were ministers to the souls in purgatory. 1570, p. 1156; 1576, p. 990; 1583, p. 1017.
Fisher wrote against Johann Oecolampadius and Luther. He was a persecutor of John Frith. He and Sir Thomas More had Frith burnt. 1570, p. 1216; 1576, p. 1042; 1583, p. 1068.
Fisher was associated with Elizabeth Barton (Joan of Kent). He was convicted of misprision of treason, had his goods confiscated and was imprisoned. 1570, p. 1199; 1576, p. 1026; 1583, p. 1055.
John Fisher, Sir Thomas More and Nicholas Wilson refused to swear an oath on the king's supremacy and were imprisoned in the Tower. Fisher and More were executed. 1570, pp. 1200, 1216; 1576, pp. 1028, 1042; 1583, pp. 1056, 1068.
The pope promoted John Fisher to cardinal, but Fisher was executed before he could be elevated. 1570, p. 1216; 1576, p. 1042; 1583, p. 1069.
Fisher is one of the Catholic martyrs written of by Nicholas Harpsfield. 1570, p. 1375; 1576, p. 1173; 1583, p. 1201.
CloseEmperor Charles V's procurer-general; zealous in hunting heretics [ODNB sub William Tyndale]
Pierre Dufief examined William Tyndale and Thomas Poyntz and was present at Tyndale's execution. 1563, p. 516; 1570, p. 1228; 1576, p. 1051; 1583, p. 1078.
Close(in or bef. 1485 - 1540) [ODNB]
Lawyer; king's secretary; chief minister
Earl of Essex 1540; beheaded gruesomely
Thomas Cromwell was the son of a smith. He had an impressive memory and was skilled in languages. He was retained by the English merchants in Antwerp as clerk. He accompanied Geoffrey Chambers to Rome to obtain indulgences for the guild of Our Lady in Boston. 1570, p. 1346; 1576, p. 1149; 1583, pp. 1177-78.
[Back to Top]As a young man Cromwell fought with the French at Garigliano. He was then destitute in Italy and was helped by the Italian merchant banker Francesco Frescobaldi. Cromwell years later repaid him with generous interest when Frescobaldi was impoverished in England. 1570, pp. 1357-58; 1576, pp. 1158-59; 1583, pp. 1186-87.
[Back to Top]Cromwell confessed to archbishop Cranmer that he had been wild in his youth. He was at the siege of Rome with the duke of Bourbon. 1570, p. 1346; 1576, p. 1149; 1583, pp. 1177-78.
Cromwell, Thomas More and Stephen Gardiner served together in Thomas Wolsey's household. 1563, p. 592; 1570, p. 1347; 1576, p. 1150; 1583, p. 1178.
Cromwell was one of Wolsey's chief councillors and was active in the dissolution of the monasteries. After Wolsey's fall and his departure to Southwell, Cromwell entered the king's service. 1570, pp. 1132, 1347; 1576, pp. 969, 1150; 1583, pp. 996, 1179.
Cromwell was knighted, made master of the jewels and admitted to the king's council. Two years later he was made master of the rolls. Shortly before the birth of Prince Edward, Cromwell was created earl of Essex and appointed viceregent. 1570, p. 1348; 1576, p. 1151; 1583, p. 1179.
Cromwell discovered and made public fraudulent miracles. 1570, p. 1359; 1576, p. 1160; 1583, p. 1188.
Elizabeth Barton prophesied that if the king divorced Queen Catherine and married Anne Boleyn, he would not reign more than a month thereafter. Through the efforts of Cranmer, Cromwell and Latimer, she was condemned and executed with some of her supporters. 1570, p. 1199; 1576, p. 1026; 1583, pp. 1054-55.
[Back to Top]Cromwell urged King Henry to destroy the monastic houses and to grant the lands to the nobility and gentlemen. 1570, p. 1350; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1181.
Edward Lee was sent, under Cromwell, to visit the monasteries and nunneries to release all those in religious orders who wished to leave. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Cromwell gave an oration at the synod in 1537 of bishops and learned men. 1570, p. 1351; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1182.
Gardiner was a resident ambassador to France in 1538, when Edmund Bonner, through the efforts of Thomas Cromwell, was brought in to replace him. Bonner owed his major preferments to Cromwell. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1088.
Bonner sent a declaration to Cromwell of Stephen Gardiner's evil behaviour. 1570, pp. 1241-44; 1576, pp. 1063-66; 1583, pp. 1090-92.
Through the efforts of Cromwell, the destruction of the abbeys and religious houses was accomplished. 1570, p. 1255; 1576, p. 1075; 1583, p. 1101.
At the end of John Lambert's trial, the king had Cromwell read the sentence of condemnation. On the day of Lambert's execution, Cromwell asked for his forgiveness. 1563, pp. 537, 569; 1570, pp. 1283-84; 1576, pp. 1097-98; 1583, pp. 1123-24.
The king sent Cromwell and the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to dine with Thomas Cranmer to reassure him after his opposition to the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1298; 1576, p. 1111; 1583, p. 1136.
The wife of Thomas Broke wrote to Thomas Cromwell, complaining of the way the imprisoned men in Calais, especially her husband, were treated. Cromwell wrote to the commissioners in Calais, commanding that Broke and a number of others be sent to England. 1563, p. 666; 1570, p. 1405; 1576, p. 1198; 1583, p. 1227.
[Back to Top]Cromwell was instrumental in obtaining Edmund Bonner's nomination to the bishopric of London. Cromwell procured letters from King Henry to Francois I that resulted in a licence being granted to print bibles in English at Paris. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1191.
When printing of English bibles was stopped in Paris, Cromwell got the presses and types sent to London. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1163; 1583, p. 1191.
Stephen Gardiner was Cromwell's chief opponent. Cromwell had other enemies as well, and in 1540 he was suddenly arrested in the council chamber and committed to the Tower. He was charged with heresy and treason. 1563, p. 598; 1570, p. 1359; 1576, pp. 1160-61; 1583, p. 1189.
Cromwell, having made an oration and prayer, was beheaded by an incompetent axeman. 1563, p. 598; 1570, pp. 1361-62; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1190.
Stephen Gardiner recalled that Cromwell spent a day and a half investigating a matter between Sir Francis Bryan and Gardiner, finally declaring Gardiner an honest man. 1563, p. 756; 1570, p. 1526; 1576, p. 1301; 1583, p. 1351.
Close[Aquisgraue; Akon]
North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Coordinates: 50° 46' 0" N, 6° 6' 0" E
Close[Antwarpe]
Flanders, Belgium
Coordinates: 51° 13' 0" N, 4° 24' 0" E
Close[Barrow]
North Brabant, Netherlands
Coordinates: 51° 30' 0" N, 4° 18' 0" E
Close[Brusels]
Belgium
Coordinates: 50° 51' 0" N, 4° 21' 0" E
CloseLimburg, Netherlands
Coordinates: 50° 51' 0" N, 5° 41' 0" E
Closein the northwest part of the city of London
OS grid ref: TQ 31574 81732
Historic livestock market and place of execution
Close[Villenorth; Filforde]
Flemish Brabant, Belgium
Coordinates: 50° 56' 0" N, 4° 25' 0" E
in doubt to moue this matter for hys purpose to any of the rulers or Officers of the towne of Antwarpe, for doubt it should come to the knowledge of some Englishmen, & by the meane therof, M. Tindall should haue had warning.
But Phillippes went from Antwarpe to the Court of Bruxelles, whiche is from thence 24. Englishe miles, the K. hauing there no Ambassadour: for at that time the king of England and the Emperour were at a controuersye for the question betwixte the King
CloseI.e., the king of England.
Within a while after, Pointz sitting at his doore, Phillippes man came vnto hym, and asked whether Maister Tyndall were there, and sayde his maister would come, to hym, and so departed. But whether hys M. Phillippes were in the towne or not, it was not knowne: but at that time Pointz hearde no more, neyther of the maister nor of the man. Within 3. or 4. daies after, Pointz went foorth to the Towne of Barrow, being 18. English miles from Antwerpe, where he had businesse to doe for the space of a moneth or sixe weekes, and in the time of hys absence, MarginaliaHenry Philipes traytour and betrayer of M. Tindall.Henrie Philips came againe to Antwerpe to the house of Pointz, and comming in, spake with his wife, askinge her for M. Tindall, and whether he woulde dine there with him, saying: what good meat shall we haue? She answeared, suche as the market will giue. Then went he foorth againe (as it is thought) to prouide, and sette the Officers whyche hee brought wyth hym from Bruxelles, in the streete, and about the dore
CloseThe English House at Antwerp enjoyed what amounted to diplomatic immunity. Tyndale had to be arrested outside of the house.
Then sayde Philips, M. Tindall you shall be my gest here thys day. No sayd M. Tindall, I goe foorth thys day to dinner, and you shall go wyth me and be my gest, where you shallbe welcome. So when it was dinner time, master Tindal went forth with Philippes, and at the going forth of Pointz house, was a long narow entrie, so that 2. could not go in a frount. MarginaliaHow Tindall was betrayed into his enemies handes.M. Tindal would haue put Philippes before him, but Philippes woulde in no wise, but put M. Tindall afore, for that he pretended to shewe great humanitie. So master Tindall being a man of no great stature, went before, and Philips a tall comely person folowed behinde him, who had set Officers on either side of the doore vpon 2. seates: which being there, might see who came in the entrie, and comming through the same entrie, Philips poynted with his finger ouer M. Tindals head downe to him, that the Officers which sat at the doore, myght see that it was he whome they shuld take, as the officers that tooke M. Tindall, afterward tolde Pointz, and sayde to Pointz whē they had laid him in prison, that they pitied to see hys simplicitie when they tooke him. Then they tooke him and brought him to the Emperours Attourney or Procurour general, where he dined. Then came the Procuror general to the house of Pointz, and sent away all that was there of master Tindals, as well his bookes as other things: MarginaliaTindall had to the Castle of Fylforde.and from thence Tindall was had to the Castle of Filforde, 18. English miles from Antwerp, and there he remained vntill he was put to death.
[Back to Top]Then incontinent by the helpe of English marchants, were letters sent in the fauour of Tindall, to the Court of Bruxels. MarginaliaLetters sent frō England by the Lord Cromwell and others, in the behalfe of M. Tindall.Also not long after, letters were directed out of England to the counsaile at Bruxels, and sent to the marchauntes aduenturers to Antwerpe, commaunding them to see that with speede they should be deliuered. Then such of the chiefest of the marchaunts as were there at that time being called together, required the sayde Pointz to take in hād the deliuerie of those letters, wt letters also from them in the fauour of M. Tindall, to the Lorde of Barrowe and others, the which lord of Barrow (as it was told Pointz by the way) at that time was departed from Bruxels, as the chiefest conductor of the eldest daughter of the King of Denmarke, to be maried to the Palsgraue, whose mother was sister to the Emperour, shee being chiefe Princesse ofDenmarke. Who after he heard of hys departure, did ride after the next way, and ouertooke hym at Akon, where hee deliuered to him his letters. The which whē he had receyued and red, he made no direct answere, but somewhat obiecting, said: there was of their coūtriemen that were burned in England not long before, as in dede there were Anabaptists burnt in Smithfield, and so Pointz said to him: howbeit sayd he, what so euer the crime was, if his Lordship or any other noble manne had wrytten, requiring to haue had them, he thought they should not haue bene denied. Well sayde he, I haue no leisure to wryte, for the Princesse is ready to ride.
[Back to Top]Then sayde Pointz, if it shall please your Lordship, I will attēd vpon you vnto þe next baiting place, which was at Mastright. If you so doe, sayde the Lorde, I will aduise my self by the way what to write. So Pointz folowed him from Akon to Mastright, the which are 15. English miles asonder, & there he receiued letters of him, one to the coūsel there, an other to the company of the marchants aduēturers, MarginaliaLetters frō the Lord of Barrow to the Lord Cromwell, concerning M. Tindall.& an other also, to the Lord Cromwell, in Englād.
[Back to Top]So Pointz roade from thence to Bruxels, and then and there deliuered to the counsail, the letters out of England, wyth the Lord of Barrowes letters also: and receiued eftsoones answer into England of the same by letters, which he brought to Antwerpe to the English marchantes, who required him to goe with them into England, MarginaliaPoyntz sent with letters frō Bruxels to England.and he very desirous to haue M. Tindal out of prisone, lette not for to take paines with losse of time in his owne busines and occupying, but diligently followed with þe said letters, which he there deliuered to the counsell, and was commanded by them to tary vntil he had other letters, of the which he was not dispatched thēce in a month after. At length the letters being deliuered him, he returned againe & deliuered them to the Emperors counsell at Bruxels, and there taryed for answere of the same.
[Back to Top]When the sayd Pointz had taried 3. or 4. dayes, it was tolde him of one that belonged to the Chauncerie, that M. Tindall shoulde haue bene deliuered to him accordinge to the tenour of the letters
CloseA tangled series of events followed Tyndale's arrest. The English merchants at Antwerp were outraged at what they regarded as a violation of their exemption from arrest by the Imperial authorities and protested to the Imperial court at Brussels and to Thomas Cromwell back in England. After initial hesitation, Cromwell succeeded in getting a promise from the Imperial authorities to release Tyndale. At this point, Phillips, fearful for his reward and possibly his safety as well, denounced Thomas Poyntz as a heretic to the Imperial authorities.
[Back to Top]Thus vppon hys information and accusation, MarginaliaPoyntz attached by Philips.Pointz was attached by the Procurour generall, the Emperours Attorny, and deliuered to the keping of two Sergeants of armes: and the same euening was sent to hym one of the Chancery with the Procuror generall, who ministred vnto hym an othe, that he should truely make answere to all suche things as shoulde be inquired of hym, thinking they would haue had no other examinations of hym but of hys Message. MarginaliaPointz examined.The next day likewise they came againe and had him in examination, and so fiue or sixe daies one after an other, vppon not so fewe as an hundreth Articles, as well of the kings affaires as of the message concerning Tindal of his aiders and of his religion. Out of the which examinations, the Procurer general drew 23. or 24. articles, and declared the same against the said Pointz: the copy wherof he deliuered to him to make answer therunto, and permitted him to haue an Aduocate and Proctour, that is a doctour and Proctor in the lawe: and order was taken, that 8. dayes after, he should deliuer vnto them his aunswer, and from 8. daies to 8. daies, to procede til the processe were ended: Also that he should send no Messenger to Antwerpe, where as hys house was, beyng 24. Engiishe miles from Bruxels, where he was prisonner, not to any other place, but by the poste of the towne of Bruxels: nor to sende any letters, nor any to be deliuered to him, but writtē in dutch
CloseI.e., Flemish