1583 Edition | Book 8 | Page 1094 
Close(1500 - 1558) [C. Scott Dixon, M. Greengrass, www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/histcourse/reformat/biograph.htm]
Duke of Burgundy; king of Spain (1516 - 56)
Holy Roman Emperor (1520 - 56); abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of son Phillip II of Spain and the imperial throne in favour of brother Ferdinand
Charles V had promised to marry Princess Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, but bowed to objections in Spain that the marriage of her parents had been irregular. He married Isabella of Portugal instead. 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
Henry VIII, encouraged by Cardinal Wolsey, began to question the validity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He sought the advice of universities and learned men, but needed the assent of the pope and the emperor to a divorce. 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Thomas Wyatt was sent to Emperor Charles V. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
The emperor and other princes requested Henry VIII to attend the council to be held at Mantua or to send delegates. Henry again refused, sending a protestation. 1570, pp. 1293-94; 1576, pp. 1106-08; 1583, pp. 1132-33.
Francois I of France and Emperor Charles V retained Robert Granceter, a condemned traitor, and refused to hand him over to Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1087.
Charles V requested of Edward VI that his cousin Mary Tudor be allowed to have the mass said in her house. The request was denied. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Close(1496 - 1538) [ODNB]
Diplomat; BA Cambridge 1517; MA 1520; doctor 1532; provost of King's College (1528 - 38); secretary to Wolsey 1526
Archdeacon of Leicester (1531 - 35); dean of Salisbury (1533 - 38); archdeacon of Dorset (1533 - 38); royal almoner (c. 1532 - 36); bishop of Hereford (1536 - 38)
Stephen Gardiner and Edward Fox urged leniency on Cardinal Wolsey when dealing with Robert Barnes. They stood surety for him and convinced him to abjure. 1563, pp. 601-02; 1570, pp. 1364-65; 1576, pp. 1164-65; 1583, pp. 1192-93.
Edward Fox accopmanied Stephen Gardiner to Rome to put the case for the king's divorce to Clement VII. 1570, p. 1457; 1576, p. 1242; 1583, p. 1279.
Edward Fox was one of the subscribers to the Bishops' Book. 1570, p. 1211; 1576, p. 1037; 1583, p. 1064.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Edward Fox was sent to the German princes. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Fox attended a synod in 1537 with other bishops and learned men and with Thomas Cromwell as vicar-general. Fox opposed retaining the seven sacraments. He gave an oration to the bishops. 1563, p. 594; 1570, p. 1351; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1182.
In a letter to Thomas Cromwell, Edmund Bonner, Fox's successor to the see of Hereford, asked for help in meeting any financial obligations left by Fox. 1570, p. 1240; 1576, p. 1062; 1583, p. 1088.
Close(1494 - 1547)
King of France (1515 - 47)
Having engaged in wars against Charles V, allied to Henry VIII, François I was captured at the battle of Pavia by the duke of Bourbon and the viceroy of Naples and taken into Spain in 1525. 1570, p. 1122; 1576, p. 960; 1583, p. 987.
François was imprisoned for over a year, until he agreed with the emperor to focus their joint efforts against the Lutherans and Turks. François left his eldest sons, François and Henri, behind as pledges, but he was absolved of his oath by the pope. 1570, p. 1122; 1576, p. 960; 1583, p. 987.
Henry VIII ordered a religious procession in London in 1535 because the French king was ill. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Francis Brian was sent to François I. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Paul III sent Cardinal Pole to the French king to stir him to war against Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1087.
François I of France and Emperor Charles V retained Robert Granceter, a condemned traitor, and refused to hand him over to Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1087.
François had allied himself with Pope Clement VII in marrying his son to Clement's niece. He also married his daughter to James V of Scotland, breaking an agreement with Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1088.
Cromwell was instrumental in getting Edmund Bonner's nomination to the bishopric of London. He procured letters from King Henry to François I that resulted in a licence being granted to print bibles in English at the University of Paris. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1191.
Although Edmund Bonner performed his ambassadorial duties well as far as Henry VIII was concerned, he displeased the king of France, who asked for him to be recalled. Henry recalled him and sent Sir John Wallop to replace him. 1570, p. 1245; 1576, p. 1066; 1583, p. 1093.
Close(1512 - 1542) [ODNB]
King of the Scots (1513 - 42)
James Hamilton, Katherine Hamilton, David Straiton, a woman of Leith, and Norman Gourlay were summoned to appear in the abbey church of Holyrood House, Edinburgh, by James Hay, commissioner to the archbishop of St Andrews, in the presence of King James V, who was dressed entirely in red. 1570, p. 1117; 1576, p. 955; 1583, p. 982.
[Back to Top]King James advised James Hamilton not to appear, since he could not help him if he did. Hamilton fled, was convicted of heresy and had his goods confiscated. The king encouraged the others to recant. 1570, p. 1117; 1576, p. 956; 1583, p. 982.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Ralph Sadler was sent to James V, king of the Scots. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
François I of France married his daughter to James V, breaking an agreement with Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1088.
Close(c. 1470 - 1544) [ODNB; PRO List of Sheriffs; Brigdon London, pp. 74, 291]
Warden of the Mercers 1509; sheriff of London (1518 - 19); lord mayor of London (1525 - 26, 1535 - 36); on royal council; friend of Thomas Cromwell
Aleyn took part in the procession held because of the French king's illness in November 1535. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
John Aleyn was named in a commission from Henry VIII to Edmund Bonner as one who was required to execute the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1375; 1576, p. 1173; 1583, p. 1202.
Close(d. 1550) [ODNB]
Called the Vicar of Hell; courtier and writer; member of diplomatic missions
Sir Francis, in Rome as one of Henry VIII's ambassadors, received instructions from the king relating to the promoting of Thomas Wolsey as pope if Clement VII were dead. 1570, p. 1126; 1576, p. 1301; 1583, p. 1351.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Francis Brian was sent to Francis I. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
When a messenger arrived with letters from Thomas Cromwell for Edmund Bonner, Stephen Gardiner enquired of the messenger whether Sir Francis Bryan and Sir John Wallop were in the court when he left. 1570, p. 1241; 1576, p. 1062; 1583, p. 1089.
Stephen Gardiner recalled that Cromwell spent a day and a half investigating a matter between Sir Francis Bryan and Gardiner, finally declaring Gardiner an honest man. 1563, p. 756; 1570, p. 1526; 1576, p. 1301; 1583, p. 1351.
Close(1507 - 87) [ODNB; Bindoff]
Diplomat, administrator; Cromwell's secretary; MP Hindon 1536 ; MP Middlesex 1539; MP Hertfordshire 1542, 1553, 1559, 1563, 1571, 1572, 1584, 1586; MP Preston 1545; JP Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire
Privy councillor (1540 - 53, 1566 - 87); principal secretary (1540 - 43); king's secretary to Henry VIII; treasurer (1544 - 53)
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Ralph Sadler was sent to James V, king of the Scots. Upon gaining an audience with the king, he delivered an oration. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, pp. 1043-44; 1583, pp. 1070-71.
When Thomas Cromwell was imprisoned in the Tower, Sir Ralph Sadler remained loyal to him and took a letter from him to the king. 1570, p. 1361; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1190.
Stephen Gardiner preached a sermon contrary to the king's injunctions. He was arrested and taken to the Tower by Sir Anthony Wingfield and Sir Ralph Sadler; Sadler and William Hunnings were instructed to seal off doors to his house. He was transferred to the Fleet. 1563, pp. 728, 760; 1570, pp. 1521, 1529; 1576, pp. 1297, 1304; 1583, pp. 1340, 1353-54.
[Back to Top]Ralph Sadler was a deponent in the case of Stephen Gardiner. 1563, p. 806
Ralph Sadler was one of the signatories to the proclamation against Edward Seymour calling for his removal. 1570, p. 1547; 1576, p. 1318; 1583, p. 1368.
Close(c. 1503 - 1542) [ODNB]
Poet and ambassador; studied at Cambridge; imprisoned in the Tower in 1536; sheriff of Kent 1536; ambassador to Charles V (1537 - 40); again imprisoned in the Tower in 1541, released; MP Kent 1541
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. Sir Thomas Wyatt was sent to Emperor Charles V. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Thomas Cromwell wrote to Edmund Bonner and to Thomas Wyatt while they were in France in 1538. 1570, p. 1241; 1576, p. 1063; 1583, p. 1089.
Close(in or bef. 1485 - 1540) [ODNB]
Lawyer; king's secretary; chief minister
Earl of Essex 1540; beheaded gruesomely
Thomas Cromwell was the son of a smith. He had an impressive memory and was skilled in languages. He was retained by the English merchants in Antwerp as clerk. He accompanied Geoffrey Chambers to Rome to obtain indulgences for the guild of Our Lady in Boston. 1570, p. 1346; 1576, p. 1149; 1583, pp. 1177-78.
[Back to Top]As a young man Cromwell fought with the French at Garigliano. He was then destitute in Italy and was helped by the Italian merchant banker Francesco Frescobaldi. Cromwell years later repaid him with generous interest when Frescobaldi was impoverished in England. 1570, pp. 1357-58; 1576, pp. 1158-59; 1583, pp. 1186-87.
[Back to Top]Cromwell confessed to archbishop Cranmer that he had been wild in his youth. He was at the siege of Rome with the duke of Bourbon. 1570, p. 1346; 1576, p. 1149; 1583, pp. 1177-78.
Cromwell, Thomas More and Stephen Gardiner served together in Thomas Wolsey's household. 1563, p. 592; 1570, p. 1347; 1576, p. 1150; 1583, p. 1178.
Cromwell was one of Wolsey's chief councillors and was active in the dissolution of the monasteries. After Wolsey's fall and his departure to Southwell, Cromwell entered the king's service. 1570, pp. 1132, 1347; 1576, pp. 969, 1150; 1583, pp. 996, 1179.
Cromwell was knighted, made master of the jewels and admitted to the king's council. Two years later he was made master of the rolls. Shortly before the birth of Prince Edward, Cromwell was created earl of Essex and appointed viceregent. 1570, p. 1348; 1576, p. 1151; 1583, p. 1179.
Cromwell discovered and made public fraudulent miracles. 1570, p. 1359; 1576, p. 1160; 1583, p. 1188.
Elizabeth Barton prophesied that if the king divorced Queen Catherine and married Anne Boleyn, he would not reign more than a month thereafter. Through the efforts of Cranmer, Cromwell and Latimer, she was condemned and executed with some of her supporters. 1570, p. 1199; 1576, p. 1026; 1583, pp. 1054-55.
[Back to Top]Cromwell urged King Henry to destroy the monastic houses and to grant the lands to the nobility and gentlemen. 1570, p. 1350; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1181.
Edward Lee was sent, under Cromwell, to visit the monasteries and nunneries to release all those in religious orders who wished to leave. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Cromwell gave an oration at the synod in 1537 of bishops and learned men. 1570, p. 1351; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1182.
Gardiner was a resident ambassador to France in 1538, when Edmund Bonner, through the efforts of Thomas Cromwell, was brought in to replace him. Bonner owed his major preferments to Cromwell. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1088.
Bonner sent a declaration to Cromwell of Stephen Gardiner's evil behaviour. 1570, pp. 1241-44; 1576, pp. 1063-66; 1583, pp. 1090-92.
Through the efforts of Cromwell, the destruction of the abbeys and religious houses was accomplished. 1570, p. 1255; 1576, p. 1075; 1583, p. 1101.
At the end of John Lambert's trial, the king had Cromwell read the sentence of condemnation. On the day of Lambert's execution, Cromwell asked for his forgiveness. 1563, pp. 537, 569; 1570, pp. 1283-84; 1576, pp. 1097-98; 1583, pp. 1123-24.
The king sent Cromwell and the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to dine with Thomas Cranmer to reassure him after his opposition to the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1298; 1576, p. 1111; 1583, p. 1136.
The wife of Thomas Broke wrote to Thomas Cromwell, complaining of the way the imprisoned men in Calais, especially her husband, were treated. Cromwell wrote to the commissioners in Calais, commanding that Broke and a number of others be sent to England. 1563, p. 666; 1570, p. 1405; 1576, p. 1198; 1583, p. 1227.
[Back to Top]Cromwell was instrumental in obtaining Edmund Bonner's nomination to the bishopric of London. Cromwell procured letters from King Henry to Francois I that resulted in a licence being granted to print bibles in English at Paris. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1191.
When printing of English bibles was stopped in Paris, Cromwell got the presses and types sent to London. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1163; 1583, p. 1191.
Stephen Gardiner was Cromwell's chief opponent. Cromwell had other enemies as well, and in 1540 he was suddenly arrested in the council chamber and committed to the Tower. He was charged with heresy and treason. 1563, p. 598; 1570, p. 1359; 1576, pp. 1160-61; 1583, p. 1189.
Cromwell, having made an oration and prayer, was beheaded by an incompetent axeman. 1563, p. 598; 1570, pp. 1361-62; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1190.
Stephen Gardiner recalled that Cromwell spent a day and a half investigating a matter between Sir Francis Bryan and Gardiner, finally declaring Gardiner an honest man. 1563, p. 756; 1570, p. 1526; 1576, p. 1301; 1583, p. 1351.
Close(d. 1545) [ODNB
Diplomat; ecclesiastical administrator; BCL Cambridge 1527; DCL 1531; ambassador to Denmark 1532-33; commissioner in royal visitation of monastic houses 1535-40
Legh was sent, under Thomas Cromwell, to visit the monasteries and nunneries to release all those in religious orders who wished to leave. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
sion of those superstitious houses had ben ioyned withal.
MarginaliaSuppression of Abbeyes first beginneth in England.Whereupon the same yere in the moneth of October, the king hauing then Tho. Cromwell of his Counsel, sent Doct. Lee to visite the Abbeys, Priories, and Nunryes in all England, MarginaliaReligious men vnder age, let out of monasteryes.& to set at libertie all such religious persons, as desired to be free, & all other that were vnder the age of 24. yeares: Prouiding withal þt such Monkes, Chanons, & Fryers as were dismissed, should haue giuen thē by the Abbot or Prior, in steede of their habite, a secular Priestes gowne, and xl. shillings of money: & likewise the Nunnes to haue such apparel as secular women did then cōmonly vse, and suffered to goe where they would. At which time also from the sayde Abbeyes and Monasteries were taken their chiefe iewelsMarginaliaThe king first beginneth with the iuels of Abbeyes. and reliques.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaAnno. 1536.WHen the king had thus established his supremacie, & all things were well quieted within the Realme, he like a wise prince, & hauing wise counsaile about him, forecasting with himselfe, what forreine daungers might fall vnto him by other countries about, whiche all were yet in subiection to the Bishoppe of Rome, saue onely a fewe Germane princes, and misdouting the malice of the pope: to prouide therefore by time for perilles that might ensue, thought good to keepe in by all meanes possible with other Princes.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaA solemne procession in Londō for ioy of the French kings health.And first to entertaine the fauour of the French king,
CloseAccording to Holinshed, this procession took place on 11 November 1536 (but very little is made of it). [See Raphael Holinshed, The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (London, 1587), p.939].
This grand procession was appointed, for a triumphe or a thankes giuing for the late recouerye of the Frenche kinges health, as is aforesayd.
MarginaliaAmbassadours sent to sundry kinges.Ouer and besides this, the king to nourish and reteine amitie with kings and princes, least the Pope being exiled now out of England, should incite them to warre against him, directed sundry Ambassadours and messengers with letters and instructions. To the Emperour was sent syr Tho. Wyat, to the French king syr Fraunces Brian, and Doct. Edw. Foxe, who was also sent to the Princes of Germanie, to the Scottes king was sent
CloseSadler had been in the service of Cromwell and was made a gentleman of the king's privy chamber in 1536 and had been sent to Scotland to oppose the efforts of Cardinal Beaton with regard to an Franco-Scottish alliance.
In Scotlande the same time were cast abroade diuers railing ballets, and slaunderous rimes against the king of England, for casting of the Ladye Dowager, and for abolishing the Pope: for the which cause the foresaid Sir Raffe Sadler being sent into Scotland, with lessons and instructions howe to addresse himselfe accordingly, after he had obteyned accesse vnto the king, and audience to be hearde, first declareth the effectuous & harty cōmendations from the kinges maiestie his graces vncle
CloseJames V was the son of Margaret Tudor, Henry's elder sister, who had married James IV on 8 August 1503.
MarginaliaThe Oration of Sir Raffe Sadler to the Scottish king.WHeras there is nothing after the glory of almighty God, in this world so much to be tendred by kings, Princes, or any honest persons, or so highly to be regarded and defended, as their honor, estimatiō, good fame & name,which whosoeuer neglecteth, is to be esteemed vnnatural, and vnlesse a man labor to auoide and extinguish the false reportes, slanders, and diffamations made of him by malitious persons, he may wel be suspected, in cōscience to cōdemne himselfe: the king your vncle considering þe same, and hearing of sundry ballets, criminations, and famous libels, made and vntruly forged and deuised in Scotland against his grace, by your graces subiectes, not only vpon trust to find with your grace such natural affection, frendship and amitie, as the nerenes of bloud betweene vncle & nephew, necessitude of reuerence, proximitie both of kinne & of dominions together doth require: but also vpon assurance, that your grace and wisedome will consider howe these slaunders and diffamations, although they were but against a priuateperson, whatsoeuer he were, moste commonly redound and are imputed to the whole degree and estate: as the diffamation of kinges toucheth kinges, and so of other degrees and dignities: doth send at this time to your grace, his nephewe (other he might haue sent more worthy, but me at this time, for lacke of a better hath he sente) to desire, pray, and require your grace, that according as the nearenes of bloud, connexion of estate, & other things before expressed, of right and iustice do require: beseeching your grace, gently to weigh and balaunce, & wel to ponder the malice of these the saide slaunderers, and to call in againe all the saide diffamatorie ballets, libels, and other writinges, punishing the authours and setters forth thereof according to their demerites: and furthermore to cause opcn proclamatiōs to be made through your realm, that none of your inhabitantes there shall in any manner wise so misuse himselfe hereafter, vpon such great payne and punishment, as to your grace and your Counsaile shal be thought conuenient for the transgression thereof: so that other by their correction, and by the fearefull example of the penaltie, may beware howe to commit the like offence in time comming.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaEuill example a pernitious thing in a commō wealth.The example of such slaunders is very pernicious to all kinges. For by such slaunders of other princes, þe slaunderers take boldnes so to deale afterward with their own king, as they haue done with other, and the next step from such slaunderous words, is to attempt deedes, and so to fal to sedition: of the importance and danger wherof no man is ignorant.
[Back to Top]Wherefore, your grace, at the contemplation of your deare vncle, in tendering his proceedinges, shall doe well to follow therin the louing steppes of his good brother and all ye the French king, who hath already at Roane and sundry places els, caused certaine slaunderous preathers to be sore punished: and further directed commissions thorowe his Realme for repressing the same: As also other Princes shalbe readye (his Maiestie trusteth) to doe the like in their dominios, if like occasion shalbe giuen to require the same of them. In which in so doing, your grace may be assured in this your gentle dealing in that part, to winne your vncles most sincere & kind hart, to þt encrease of your amitie and alliance, which, as to you shalbe moste honorable, so shall it be no lesse profitable vnto him.
[Back to Top]And thus to conclude with the first part of my narration concerning the slaunderous and diffamatorie libelles, leaste I shoulde seeme with prolixitie of matter more then needes, to abuse your graces silence: MarginaliaThe second poynt.I will nowe descende to the other point of that which I haue to vtter vnto your grace, as touching the Popes Nuntio or messenger
CloseA papal nuncio is far more than merely a messenger; he is the permanent diplomatic representative of the papacy in another state. Foxe is referring to David Beaton, a skilled diplomat, who was commendator of Arbroath (from 1524), bishop of Mirepoix (in France from 1537) and cardinal-priest of St Stephen in the Caelian Hill (from 1538).
[Back to Top]Secondly to weigh what the Gospel and Gods word calleth a Church.
Also what superstitions, idolatries, and blinde abuses haue crept into all realms, to þ e high displeasure of almighty God by reason thereof.
Fourthly, what is to be vnderstanded by the true censure or excommunication of the Church, and how no such